scholarly journals Grodzisko w Chotyńcu – problem ochrony konserwatorskiej i zagospodarowania dla potrzeb edukacyjnych

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Sylwester Czopek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Public Archaeology ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Unique Site

The article, while discussing the importance of archaeological research conducted for several years within the Early Iron Age fortified settlement in Chotyniec, focuses on the need to make decisions considering the further protection of this unique site. Furthermore, it draws up the program of establishing the Chotyniec Culture Park as a place of protection, research and popularization of knowledge about prehistory. The idea of public archaeology fits in a broader regional context with the need to protect the local cultural landscape.

Formation of the Phrygian state: the Early Iron Age at Gordion

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Voigt ◽  
Robert C. Henrickson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
European Language ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

A brief history of archaeological research at Gordion Piecing together documentary sources from areas to the east and west of Anatolia, historians agree that in the eighth century BC, central Anatolia was dominated by people who spoke an Indo-European language, Phrygian (Mellink 1991: 621; Muscarella 1995: 92 with refs). From historical sources we also know the location of the Phrygians' capital, Gordion: Quintus Curtius (Hist Alex III.1–2) states that the city lay on the Sangarios River ‘equally distant from the Pontic and Cilician Seas’. Using this description, Gustav and Augustus Körte travelled across Turkey more than a century ago looking for the physical remains of Gordion and Phrygia. They eventually focused on a mound lying adjacent to the Sangarios or modern Sakarya. The mound, now called Yassıhöyük, is large relative to others in the region, and lies in the proper geographical setting for ancient Gordion; a series of artificial mounds or tumuli scattered across nearby slopes provides additional evidence of the settlement's importance.

scholarly journals New contributions for the early iron age stratigraphy at the site of Hisar in Leskovac (Sector I)

Starinar ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kapuran
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
The Relationship

Archaeological research at the site of Hisar in Leskovac began more than a decade ago and has initiated numerous papers on the relationship between the Mediana and Brnjica cultural groups and cultures that marked the transition from the Bronze to the Early Iron Age in the Central Balkans. This paper seeks to highlight and correct some of the key mistakes which have emerged in the stratigraphic interpretation of this multi-horizon site, and in such a way contribute to the better understanding of cultural movements at the transition from the 2nd to the 1st millennium BC.

scholarly journals Remote and geophysical methods in the study of the uniguely preserved early iron age landscape of the upper part of the Lake Donuzlav in Crimea

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Sergej Muld ◽  
Anna Antipenko ◽  
Andrej Gavrilyuk ◽  
Sergej Fridrikhson ◽  
Ivan Zhivanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Geophysical Surveys

The article discusses the results of remote and geophysical studies, as well as selective excavations in the upper reaches of one of the largest and deepest lakes of Crimea — Donuzlav, which separate Tarhankut from the rest of the peninsula. Due to the unique landscape features, this region had important economic and communicative significance in all historical periods, especially in the early Iron Age: nomadic paths from the steppes to winter pastures and natural shelters of the Tarkhankut Peninsula extended to the sea and Chersonessian trade and military routes resembled here. To study the cultural landscape of Lake Donuzlav and its branched ravines system, a comprehensive technique was developed combining the methods of cartography, remote sensing, GIS, geophysics, ground-based automobile-foot archaeological explorations and selective excavations. With the help of detailed historical maps, the main routes and crossings of the autochthonous population of the early Iron Age and ancient Greek colonists were revealed. The presence of natural shelters (deep ravines and balkas, capes and cliffs) and the richness of natural resources of Donuzlav (the abundance of fresh water, fertile soil, building materials (stone, clay, wood, reeds), food (fish, shellfish, wildfowl), led to dense population in the early Iron Age. The use of archival aerial photographs of 1943 and 1971, as well as satellite photographs of 1966 in combination with modern high-resolution satellite imagery revealed at least two dozen of settlements of the Early Iron Age along the shores and in the ravine system of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav. Terrestrial archaeological explorations were accompanied by geophysical surveys (magnetic, electromagnetic surveys) of the most promising objects. Using magnetic maps of the identified settlements, locations for archaeological spotting were determined. Excavations at the sites selected based on the results of remote and geophysical studies have revealed typical structural features of houses and outbuildings of the local population of the early Iron Age. These features were determined by the presence of local natural building materials: dense building limestone of the Sarmatian geological layer, clay and reeds growing in the lower reaches of the ravines that flow into Donuzlav Lake. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the unique natural-historical landscape of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav is the key to adaptation methods, survival strategies, and economic models of the Early Iron Age population in Northwest Taurica.

The emergence and early utilization of domestic sheep in Xinjiang

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue You ◽  
Peng Lü ◽  
Jianxin Wang ◽  
Jian Ma ◽  
Meng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
The Bronze Age

Abstract This paper summarizes current zooarchaeological research on the origin of domestic sheep and early sheep exploitation strategies in Xinjiang. The researchers analyze sheep bones excavated from the Shirenzigou ( 石人子沟, lit. Stone Human Statue Gully) Site using zooarchaeological methods, including using pelvises to identify sex, and confirm that the sheep at Shirenzigou were domesticated sheep. Previous discoveries and archaeological research in Xinjiang provide background for the researchers’ arguments that the main ways ancient people exploited domestic sheep during the Bronze Age to early Iron Age included: consuming and producing meat, wool, hide and milk; using sheep in rituals such as funerary practices; and making bone artifacts out of sheep bones.

scholarly journals The Issue of the Types of Settlements of the Mari Volga Region Population in the Early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Elena E. Vorobeva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Space Organization ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The settlements of the Iron Age in the territory of the Volga Region have always been particularly interesting in terms of historical science. This is justified not only by the uniqueness of this territory, but also by the formation of a substantial collection of archaeological materials. A significant number of archaeological sites of the early Iron Age have been discovered and investigated over more than half a century of archaeological research and scientific studies in the territory of the Mari Volga region. This paper introduces the main types of settlements widely spread across the territory of the Mari Volga region during the Early Iron Age. The authors discuss the causes for such innovations as the appearance of settlements in the territory of the Mari Volga region. They provide characteristics of the settlement fortifications of the Mari Volga region population of the early Iron Age. The paper addresses the issues of space organization of both fortified and unfortified settlements of the Mari Volga Region in the early Iron Age. The authors suggest that the causes for the appearance of fortified settlements are associated with both internal and external factors. This in turn influenced the construction innovations of the settlements belonging to the population of the Mari Volga region.

scholarly journals A Shooting Experiment with Reconstructed Scythian Arrows and Bows : New Data on the Iron Age Siege at Dédestapolcsány-Verebce-tető

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Gábor V. Szabó ◽  
Attila Kiss ◽  
Zoltán Henrik Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Middle Iron Age ◽  
New Research ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Northern Wall

The archaeological research of the last decades revealed that around the beginning of the Middle Iron Age, at the end of the 7th century BC, the territory of Northeast Hungary and Western Slovakia and the eastern part of today’s Czech Republic were hit by an extensive series of attacks. Approximately 20 fortified settlements are known today where bronze arrowheads, found along pristine hillfort walls, bear witness to devastating sieges that occurred almost simultaneously. The most spectacular evidence of the Early Iron Age attack series in the territory of Hungary is the fortified settlement at Dédestapolcsány–Verebce-tető, located at the fringes of the Bükk Mountains. Hundreds of early Scythian-type cast bronze arrowheads have been discovered there, scattered along the northern wall of the defensive earthworks surrounding the inhabitation zone. Recently, as part of a new research project, we have conducted a shooting experiment using reconstructed Scythian-type bows and arrows to obtain additional information about the efficiency of the bows and arrows used in the siege, as well as about the probable progress and details of the event.

Archaeological Investigations at Mavis Grind, Shetland

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Cracknell ◽  
Beverley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Field System ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Settlement Site

Summary The excavations revealed a stone house and showed that it was oval, 13 m × 10 m, with an interior about 7 m in diameter. In the first occupation phase the entrance was on the SE side. During the second phase this entrance was replaced with one to the NE and the interior was partitioned. The roof was supported on wooden posts. After the building was abandoned it was covered with peat-ash which was subsequently ploughed. There were numerous finds of steatite-tempered pottery and stone implements, which dated the site to late Bronze/early Iron Age. The second settlement, Site B, lay by the shore of the voe and consisted of two possible stone-built houses and a field system. Two trenches were dug across the structures and the results are reported in Appendix I. Although damaged in recent years it was in no further danger.

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