The non-ferrous metal toolkit of the Petrovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals

The article presents data on the morphological and typological characteristics of the trade tools of the Pet-rovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals and middle Tobol River region, originating from the sites of Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen Regions (77 specimens in total; 126 specimens in total including knives). According to the radiocarbon dating, the chronological period of the Petrovka sites in the Southern Trans-Urals spans the 19th through 18th centuries B.C. The distribution of tools into types was based on the techniques of typological division of the artifacts, taking into account their shape, presence of certain qualitative features, as well as consideration of the geographical and cultural areal of similar articles. The produce of the Southern Trans-Urals center is repre-sented by a diverse set of metal tools and by functioning of large settlements with metallurgical specialization — Kulevchi 3, Ustye 1, and Shibaevo 1. In the typology of the tool complex of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and the Middle Pre-Tobol region, common Eurasian types dominate, being genetically associated with the centers of the Middle Bronze Age of the Circumpontian Metallurgical Province — the Late Yamnaya-Poltavkino, Catacomb Culture, and metal-producing centers of the Corded Ware Culture — Volsk-Lbische and Balanovo. A pronounced variety of the morphotypes of the tools, especially knives, is characteristic of the initial stage of ethnogenesis of the cultures of the forest-steppe and steppe zone of Eurasia during the transitional pe-riod from the MBA to the LBA. Common Eurasian types of tools are characteristic of the cultures of the 1st phase of the Eurasian (West Asian) metallurgical province of the forest-steppe and steppe belt from the Don region to the Irtysh region: Abashevo; Sintashta; Early Srubnaya (Pokrovka); Petrovka (Early Alakul). Specific groups of tools inherent in the tribes of the Petrovka Culture were revealed: axes with a massive head; medium-curved sick-les with a prominent handle; socketed spearheads without eyelets and raised ribs along the edge of the socket; forged arrowheads with a through socket; knives with a straight prominent handle — double-edged and single-edged; knives with a forged open socket. In the appearance of some types of tools among the Petrovka population of the Trans-Urals, such as forged socketed tools — chisels, knives, arrows, double-edged knives with a prominent handle, and sickles with a small curvature, the influence of the Abashevo stereotypes of production is discernible. In the meantime, sufficient data have been obtained on the direct imports or on the conjugation of types of the metal tools and weapons of the Sintashta, Petrovka, and Seima-Turbino Cultures in closed complexes.

Aperio: managing 3D scene occlusion using a mechanical tool analogy for visualizing multi-partmesh data.

This thesis presents a novel interaction model for browsing complex 3D scenes containing numerous layers of occluding and intertwining structures that often hide regions of interest. The interaction model is realized through the development of a custom visualization application, Aperio. Aperio provides a set of virtual mechanical "metal" tools, such as rods, rings, "cookie" cutters and a knife, that support real-time, interactive exploration. Cutter tools are designed to create easily-understood cutaway views (or context-preserving ribbon slices) and rings and rods provide simple path constraints that support rigid transformations of models via "sliding", providing interactive exploded-view capabilities. All tools are based on a single underlying superquadric formulation and can ―"iteratively" be picked up and replanted to generate various views. A multi-pass, GPU-based capping algorithm provides real-time "solid cuts" rendering of surface meshes. We also present a user study to provide supporting evidence of Aperio‘s interaction simplicity and effectiveness for occlusion management.

Aperio: managing 3D scene occlusion using a mechanical tool analogy for visualizing multi-partmesh data.

This thesis presents a novel interaction model for browsing complex 3D scenes containing numerous layers of occluding and intertwining structures that often hide regions of interest. The interaction model is realized through the development of a custom visualization application, Aperio. Aperio provides a set of virtual mechanical "metal" tools, such as rods, rings, "cookie" cutters and a knife, that support real-time, interactive exploration. Cutter tools are designed to create easily-understood cutaway views (or context-preserving ribbon slices) and rings and rods provide simple path constraints that support rigid transformations of models via "sliding", providing interactive exploded-view capabilities. All tools are based on a single underlying superquadric formulation and can ―"iteratively" be picked up and replanted to generate various views. A multi-pass, GPU-based capping algorithm provides real-time "solid cuts" rendering of surface meshes. We also present a user study to provide supporting evidence of Aperio‘s interaction simplicity and effectiveness for occlusion management.

POTENTIAL INVESTIGATION AND ANALYTICAL MODELING OF ADDITIVE LAYER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR METAL TOOLS COMPONENTS PRODUCTION

Current research into the development of additive layer costs shows that this technology is economical in producing small batches with ongoing centralized manufacture; however improved automation may contribute to cost efficiency in distributed manufacturing. Due to the difficulty of which additive production costs are calculated, the reach of the current studies is small. Many of today's studies analyze single-part development. Many that look at assemblies prefer not to look at the impact of the supply chain, such as inventory and shipping prices and lower probability of interruption. Analysis currently also shows that the expense of content is a significant part of the cost of a commodity made using additive layer. Technologies may, therefore, also be compatible, with two technologies being implemented side by side and advantages larger than if independently adopted. Growing usage of additive processing may contribute to a decrease in raw material costs through saving in scale. This could result in further implementation of additive layer processing through the decreased cost of the raw material. The expense of raw materials will often save on a scale if specific materials are more popular than a host of other materials. The production method for additive layers is still a significant cost driver, but this cost has decreased continuously. The average price dropped 51% between 2001 and 2011 after inflation changes

Precious Metals in the Worldview System of Ancient Iranian-Speaking Peoples on the Texts of Avesta

An overview and contextual-semantic analysis of the cases of usage the lexeme ‘gold’ (zaraniia-) and ‘silver’ (ərəzata-) in corpus of Avestan sources (Yasna, Yashts, Videvdat, Aogəmadaēca, etc.) are provided in the article. ‘Gold’ is used in the Avesta 101 times. ‘Silver’ — only 12 uses, while this metal is always contextually linked with gold. Silver has a semantic connection with the aquatic sphere. Gold is the material from which, according to the texts, the garments of several deities are made (Vayu, Aredvi Sura (partially)). Gold attributes or decorated with this metal tools have a number of gods and heroes (Yima, Mithra, Verethragna, Tishtria, Sraosha) are made completely or partially from it. In the myth of Yima, the divine instruments, the golden suβrā and gilded aštrā, are endowed with reproductive features and help to create the first kingdom (Videvdat 2.6—38). This ideal mythical world turns into the Afterworld. A set of semantic attributes show that gold is directly related to the Otherworld, where the souls of the righteous deceased receive gold places, golden or silver clothes (Videvdat 19.31—32; Aog. 12, 17). The fact that silver and other «colors» are added to gold may indicate the expansion of the spectrum of precious metals and their penetration into the sphere of funeral beliefs. In the treatise of Aogəmadaēca (84), silver-gold (a metaphor of wealth), along with cattle, horses and bravery, is included in the system of concepts related to the Thanatological worldview of the pre-Zoroastrian representations of ancient Iranian tribes.

The Complexes of the Late Period of the Nabil Archaeological Culture (North-Western Sakhalin).

The article analyzes the archaeological materials of the two Nabil dwellings located on the sand spit, which separates one of the largest lagoons in the north-eastern part of Sakhalin Island from the Sea of Okhotsk. The researched archaeological objects are presented by pit dwellings with entrances in the form of a corridor-crawlway. The objects are synchronized, and they have C14 calibration age within the 4th –2nd century BC. During the existence of the settlement (the climate boundary was between Sub-Boreal and Sub-Atlantic phases) the climate was a little warmer than the modern one. The objects were located in the favourable fishing area of the island. The household complexes of the dwellings are similar. The Nabil’s pottery has foreign cultural influence and it is differentiated from the Early Nabil complexes. There are a lot of stone tools intended for the fishery. The stone tools were locally produced. There are both the stone tools and the corroded metal fragments and the stone replica of the metal tools. The Nabil jewelry is of transit origin and it shows the presence of relationships between South Sakhalin and the continental areas of Far East. It is assumed that in the conditions of a shortage of metals, the need for its import caused the integration of the peoples of Sakhalin into the system of regional trade and exchange relations. Keywords: Sakhalin Island, Paleometal age, Nabil culture, pit dwelling, pointed shape pottery, stone tools, tubular beads, iron Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to her teachers and colleagues Doctor of History Alexander A. Vasilevsky and Candidate of History Vyacheslav A. Grishchenko for critical and suggestive remarks that contributed to a broader understanding of the sources.

Metal Tools in Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from Early Dynastic Period

The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life . The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion (Al-Jader , 1991 , p.225) . The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia (Levy , 1986 , p.19) . So we did not care about the all kinds of minerals , but we define our works about one type of this metals , which is a copper metal . So the copper regarded the first mineral which known to the people of ancient Mesopotamia , they used it very much in their lives , this had been a major turning point in the history of their civilization (Louis , 2008 , p.112) .

DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF DUST PARTICLES IN THE GRINDING AREA

The abrasive processing of metal products is accompanied by harmful dust emissions into the work area. Exceeding the MPC of dust particles in the work area has a negative impact on the health of working personnel-it leads to occupational diseases of dust etiology. To localize harmful dust emissions when working on grinding machines, there are various dust collectors and their modifications, which allow to deal with harmful dust emissions with different efficiency. The design of the dust collector shrouds may involve connecting to an aspiration system that creates a low-pressure zone in the housing of the shroud, and thereby helps to remove harmful particles released during work. To correctly calculate the costs of air removed by local suction systems, it is necessary to analyze the dust situation and determine the properties of dust aerosols at a specific enterprise. In this work, the analysis of samples of dust particles selected at the grinding site of the plant for the manufacture of metal-cutting and metal tools, as well as technological equipment of LLC Production Company "Russian tool". Obtaining correct and up-to-date data on the size and chemical analysis of dust particles is necessary for the development of an energy-efficient aspiration system, as well as a mathematical model of the movement of dust particles.

A metal interference correction method of tunnel transient electromagnetic advanced detection

Water inrush during tunnel excavation severally threatens the mining safety as blind water-bearing structures may develop in front of the working face. The transient electromagnetic method (TEM) has been widely applied in the advanced detection of tunnel water-bearing structures. However, the metal interference of both supports and tools in the tunnel has become a bottleneck that reduces the forecast accuracy of this method. In this paper, we analyse the effect of metal interference on TEM data and propose a novel set of an observation and correction method under metal interference based on the ratio of anomalous and background apparent resistivity. Flume model experiments both with and without metal interference are carried out, showing that this interference can affect TEM measurements significantly and result in false anomalies, and that our proposed method can remove this ambient noise caused by metal interference appropriately. The practical application further proves that this method can effectively reduce low-resistivity interference introduced by the support and other metal tools inside the tunnel. By applying this correction method, the location of water-rich anomalies can be detected more precisely during the excavation process of the same tunnel, which is of high application value of reducing exploration difficulty and tunneling risk.