The Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma in the White and Black African Population Groups in South Africa

Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy is emerging as a significant challenge in many parts of the world in the fight against the COVID19 pandemic. The continued infection amongst the unvaccinated can lead to a heightened risk of further virus mutation, exposing even those vaccinated to new virus strains. Therefore, there are social benefits in minimising vaccine hesitancy. The objective of this study is to assess the level of COVID19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa, identify the socio-economic patterns in vaccine hesitancy and highlight insights from the national survey that can inform the development of a COVID-19 vaccination acceptance communication campaign. Methods The study uses the nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) survey. The analysis combines univariate and bivariate statistics, as well as multivariate regression models like binomial/ordinal and multinomial logit. Results The study finds that vaccine acceptance is lower than that of non-pharmaceutical intervention like face-mask use. Only 55% fully accept the vaccine, while a further 16% are moderately accepting of vaccines. Together, vaccine acceptance is estimated at 70.8%, and vaccine hesitancy against COVID19 is estimated at 29.2% amongst the adult South African population. The study has identified the perceived risk of infection with the mediating role of efficacy as a key predictor of vaccine intention. Higher awareness of COVID19 related information and higher household income are correlated with lower vaccine hesitancy. The non-black African population group has significantly high vaccine hesitancy compared to black Africans. Conclusions There are other significant differences across socio-economic and demographic variables in vaccine hesitancy. From a communication perspective, it is imperative to continue risk messaging, hand in hand with clearer information on the efficacy of the vaccines.

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The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of Africans

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2001299 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (1a) ◽

pp. 239-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 142

Author(s):

HH Vorster

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South Africa ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

South African ◽

African Population ◽

Published Data ◽

South African Population ◽

Population Groups ◽

South Africans ◽

Black South Africans

AbstractObjective:To review the available data on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the influence of urbanisation of Africans on these risk factors, and to examine why stroke emerges as a higher risk than ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in the health transition of black South Africans.Design:A review of published data on mortality from and risk factors of CVD in South Africans.Setting:South Africa.Subjects:South African population groups and communities.Methods:The available data on the contribution of stroke and IHD to CVD mortality in South Africa are briefly reviewed, followed by a comparison of published data on the prevalence and/or levels of CVD risk factors in the different South African population groups. The impact of urbanisation of black South Africans on these risk factors is assessed by comparing rural and urban Africans who participated in the Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans (THUSA) study.Results and conclusions: The mortality rates from CVD confirmed that stroke is a major public health problem amongst black South Africans, possibly because of an increase in hypertension, obesity, smoking habit and hyperfibrinogenaemia during various stages of urbanisation. The available data further suggest that black South Africans may be protected against IHD because of favourable serum lipid profiles (low cholesterol and high ratios of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and low homocysteine values. However, increases in total fat and animal protein intake of affluent black South Africans, who can afford Western diets, are associated with increases in body mass indices of men and women and in total serum cholesterol. These exposures may increase IHD risk in the future.

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Morphometry and Morphology of the Acetabulum Within the Black African Population of South Africa

International Journal of Morphology ◽

10.4067/s0717-95022019000300971 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 971-976

Author(s):

K Indurjeeth ◽

S Ishwarkumar ◽

BZ De-Gama ◽

Z Ndlazi ◽

P Pillay

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

African Population ◽

Black African

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Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v17i3.789 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 433-444

Author(s):

Amanuel Isak Tewolde

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

South African ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Conflict Theory ◽

Black African ◽

South Africans ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Online Newspaper ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Realistic Conflict Theory

Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.

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Untangling discrimination in the private sector workplace in South Africa: Paving the way for Black African women progression to managerial positions

International Journal of Discrimination and the Law ◽

10.1177/1358229121990569 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135822912199056

Author(s):

Motlhatlego Dennis Matotoka ◽

Kolawole Olusola Odeku

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Black Women ◽

Private Sector ◽

South African ◽

African Women ◽

The South ◽

Quota System ◽

Black African ◽

Managerial Positions ◽

Action Measures

Black African women in South Africa are poorly represented at managerial levels in the South African private sector since the advent of democracy. Their exclusion at these occupational levels persists despite the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) requiring that the private sector must ensure that all occupational levels are equitably represented and reflects the demographics of South Africa. The South African private sector demonstrates its lack of commitment to proliferating black African women into managerial positions by deliberately engaging in race-based recruitment and failing to develop and promote suitably qualified women into managerial positions. As such, the private sector is failing to create upward mobility for black African women to break the glass ceiling. The EEA requires the private sector to apply affirmative action measures in order to achieve equity in the workplace. It is submitted that since 1998, the private sector has been provided with an opportunity to set it own targets in order to achieve equity. However, 22 years later, black African women are still excluded in key managerial positions. However, the EEA does not specifically impose penalties if the private sector fails to achieve the set targets.This approach has failed to increase the representation of black women in managerial positions. However, the EEA does not specifically impose penalties if the private sector fails to achieve the set targets. Whilst this approach seeks to afford the private sector importunity to set its own target, this approach has failed to increase the representation of black women in managerial positions. Employing black African women in managerial levels enhances their skills and increases their prospects to promotions and assuming further leadership roles in the private sector. This paper seeks to show that the progression of black African women requires South Africa to adopt a quota system without flexibility that will result in the private sector being compelled to appoint suitably qualified black African women in managerial levels.

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A pharmacogenetic study of CD4 recovery in response to HIV antiretroviral therapy in two South African population groups

Journal of Human Genetics ◽

10.1038/jhg.2009.20 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 261-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

John Parathyras ◽

Stefan Gebhardt ◽

Renate Hillermann-Rebello ◽

Nelis Grobbelaar ◽

Mauritz Venter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

South African ◽

African Population ◽

South African Population ◽

Pharmacogenetic Study ◽

Population Groups ◽

Hiv Antiretroviral Therapy

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PTU-114 Serological Autoantibodies in Health and Liver Disease in a Black African Population

Gut ◽

10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304907.204 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. A92.2-A93

Author(s):

J A Otegbayo ◽

G O Arinola

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

African Population ◽

Black African

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Risk Factors for Intrauterine Adhesions in a Black African Population - Nigerians

Gynecology & Obstetrics ◽

10.4172/2161-0932.1000436 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 07 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Abayomi B Ajayi ◽

Bamgboye M Afolabi ◽

Victor Ajayi ◽

Oluwafunmilola Biobabu ◽

Ifeoluwa Oyetunji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

African Population ◽

Intrauterine Adhesions ◽

Black African

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Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends by Sex and Population Group in South Africa: 2002-2014.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-79442/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lactatia Matsie Motsuku ◽

Wenlong Carl Chen ◽

Mazvita Molleen Muchengeti ◽

Tamlyn Mac Quene ◽

Patricia Kellett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

South Africa ◽

Black Males ◽

Population Group ◽

Black Population ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

P Value ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Population Groups ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract BackgroundSouth Africa (SA) has experienced a rapid transition in the Human Development Index (HDI) over the past decade, which had an effect on the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide CRC incidence and mortality trends by population group and sex in SA from 2002 to 2014.MethodsIncidence data were extracted from the South African National Cancer Registry and mortality data obtained from Statistics South Africa (STATS SA), for the period 2002 to 2014. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated using the STATS SA mid-year population as the denominator and the Segi world standard population data for standardisation. A Joinpoint regression analysis was computed for the CRC ASIR and ASMR by population group and sex.ResultsA total of 33,232 incident CRC cases and 26,836 CRC deaths were reported during the study period. Of the CRC cases reported, 54% were males and 46% were females, and among deaths reported, 47% were males and 53% were females. Overall, there was a 2.5% annual average percentage change (AAPC) increase in ASIR from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.6- 4.5, p-value <0.001). For ASMR overall, there was 1.3% increase from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.1- 2.6, p-value <0.001). The ASIR and ASMR among population groups were stable, with the exception of the Black population group. The ASIR increased consistently at 4.3% for black males (95% CI: 1.9- 6.7, p-value <0.001) and 3.4% for black females (95% CI: 1.5- 5.3, p-value <0.001) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Similarly, ASMR for black males and females increased by 4.2% (95% CI: 2.0- 6.5, p-value <0.001) and 3.4% (, 95%CI: 2.0- 4.8, p-value <0.01) from 2002 to 2014, respectively.ConclusionsThe disparities in the CRC incidence and mortality trends may reflect socioeconomic inequalities across different population groups in SA. The rapid increase in CRC trends among the Black population group is concerning and requires further investigation and increased efforts for cancer prevention, early screening and diagnosis, as well as better access to cancer treatment.

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