scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO.

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf ◽  
Edson Eiji Matsura
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Vacuum Solution ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Productive Process

AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO.  Sérgio Oliveira Pinto De Queiroz1; Roberto Testezlaf2; Edson Eiji Matsura21Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA, 2Departamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP  1 RESUMOA salinização de solos representa um dos graves problemas da agricultura irrigada. Sob condições de ambiente protegido, a irrigação é essencial e a fertirrigação um agente facilitador do manejo da irrigação e fertilização. Todavia o seu uso intensivo no processo produtivo, acresce ao potencial de salinização da água, aquele inerente aos fertilizantes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes métodos para determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparados ao método do extrato de saturação. Em laboratório foram avaliados os equipamentos Sensor Sigma Probe EC1 da Delta-T e extrator de solução à vácuo. Os equipamentos foram utilizados em três solos com diferentes texturas e sob cinco níveis de salinidade: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 12 dS. m-1 a 25° C. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados  por análise de regressão e variância. Dentre os equipamentos avaliados na fase laboratorial [U1], o sigma Probe EC1 apresentou o melhor resultado na determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparado ao extrato de saturação, em solos não salinos e salinos, todavia os resultados obtidos não permitem recomendar o uso dos mesmos para determinação da condutividade elétrica em solos salinos.  UNITERMOS: condutividade elétrica, fertirrigação.  QUEIROZ, S. O. P. de; TESTEZLAF, R.; MATSURA E. E. EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENTS FOR  SOIL  ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY DETERMINATION  2 ABSTRACT Soil salinization represents one of the most serious problems of irrigated agriculture. Under controled environmental conditions, irrigation is essential and the use of fertigation becomes a facilitator agent for the irrigation and fertilization management. However, the intensive use of fertigation in this type of productive process increases water salinization potential, which is inherent to the fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods to determine electric conductivity of the soil, when compared to the saturation extract. Sigma Probe EC1, manufactured by Delta-T, and vacuum solution manufactured extractors were evaluate under laboratory conditions. This equipment was used in three different texture soils, under five levels of salinity: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 dS. m-1 at 25° C. The obtained results were evaluated by regression analysis. Among the used equipment in laboratory,  the sigma Probe EC1 presented better results in soil electrical conductivity determination, when compared to saturation extract, in saline and non-saline soils; however the obtained results show that its use is not recommended to determine electric conductivity in saline soils. KEYWORDS: electric conductivity, fertigation.

scholarly journals METODOLOGIA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA SALINIDADE DO SOLO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf ◽  
Edson Eiji Matsura
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Vacuum Solution ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Salinity Levels

METODOLOGIA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA SALINIDADE DO SOLO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO  Sérgio Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz1; Roberto Testezlaf2; Edson Eiji Matsura21Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA,  [email protected]. 2Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP  1 RESUMO Em condições de ambiente protegido a irrigação é essencial e a fertirrigação um agente facilitador do manejo da água e fertilização do solo; todavia, o uso contínuo e nem sempre adequado pode elevar a salinidade do solo, comprometendo o processo produtivo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar uma metodologia para caracterizar a ocorrência de salinização em cultivos protegidos, usando diferentes métodos para determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo. Em laboratório foram avaliados os equipamentos Sensor Sigma Probe EC1, da Delta-T e extratores de solução do solo à vácuo. Os equipamentos foram utilizados em três solos com diferentes texturas e sob cinco níveis de salinidade: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 12 dS. m-1 a 25° C. Os resultados obtidos pelos métodos avaliados foram comparados ao método do extrato de saturação. O equipamento Sigma Probe EC1, por apresentar melhor correlação com o método de referência na fase laboratorial, foi utilizado nas visitas as propriedades, sob produção em ambiente protegido, na macrorregião de Campinas, revelou ser mais eficiente. A aplicação do questionário associada às leituras de condutividade elétrica do solo com o sensor Sigma Probe permitiu diagnosticar a deficiência no manejo da água e condutividade elétrica nas propriedades avaliadas. Os valores obtidos de condutividade elétrica no extrato de saturação do solo para as propriedades visitadas, não caracterizam solos salinos, mas podem afetar a produção de flores e outras plantas sensíveis à salinidade. UNITERMOS: manejo da irrigação; fertirrigação.  QUEIROZ, S. O. P. de.; TESTEZLAF, R.; MATSURA, E. E. METHODOLOGY FOR SOIL SALINITY EVALUATION IN GREENHOUSE  2 ABSTRACT Under controlled environmental conditions, irrigation is essential and the use of fertigation becomes a facilitator agent for water and fertilization management. However, the intensive use of fertigation in this type of productive process can increase soil salinity, and affect productive process. This work objective was to evaluate a methodology in order to characterize the salinization process occurrence of in greenhouse farms using different methods to determine soil electric conductivity l. Sigma Probe EC1, manufactured by Delta-T and vacuum solution manufactured extractors were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The equipment was used in three different soil textures, under five salinity levels: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 dS. m-1 at 25° C. The obtained results of electric conductivity were compared to the saturation extract method. The Sigma Probe EC1 equipment was used in farm visits, with controlled environmental production inCampinas macro region. Among the used equipment in the laboratorial part, the sigma Probe EC1 presented the best results for soil electrical conductivity determination, when compared to saturation extract, in saline and non saline soils. Using the questionnaire for electric conductivity determinations using Sigma Probe sensor it was possible to verify the deficiency in the soil moisture and electrical conductivity management. The obtained results for electric conductivity using the saturation extract methods do not characterize saline soils on the visited farms, but they showed that the salinity levels in the soil could affect flower production and other crops sensitive to salinity. KEYWORDS: irrigation management, fertigation.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Induction Measurements for Investigating Soil Salinization Caused by Saline Reclaimed Water

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Lorenzo De Carlo ◽  
Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi ◽  
Maria Clementina Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Short Period

This paper focused on the use of electromagnetic induction measurements in order to investigate soil salinization caused by irrigation with saline reclaimed water. An experimental activity was carried out during the growing season of tomato crop in order to evaluate expected soil salinization effects caused by different saline agro-industrial wastewaters used as irrigation sources. Soil electrical conductivity, strictly related to the soil salinity, has been monitored for three months by means of Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) measurements, and evident differences in the soil response have been observed. The study highlighted two aspects that can improve soil investigation due to the utilization of geophysical tools. First, EMI data can map large areas in a short period of time with an unprecedented level of detail by overcoming practical difficulties in order to massively sample soil. At the same time, repeated measurements over time allow updating real-time soil salinity maps by using accurate correlations with soil electrical conductivity. This application points out how integrated agro-geophysical research approaches can play a strategic role in agricultural saline water management in order to prevent soil salinization risks in medium to long-term periods.

scholarly journals Soil Salinity and Sodicity in Drylands: A Review of Causes, Effects, Monitoring, and Restoration Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavi ◽  
Niels Thevs ◽  
Simone Priori
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Chemical Restoration ◽  
Irrigation Technologies ◽  
Over Time

Soil salinization and sodification are common processes that particularly characterize drylands. These processes can be attributed either to natural conditions or anthropogenic activities. While natural causes include factors such as climate, lithology, topography, and pedology, human causes are mostly related to agricultural land-use, and specifically, to irrigated agriculture. The objective of this study was to thoroughly review this topic, while highlighting the major challenges and related opportunities. Over time, the extent of saline, sodic, and saline-sodic croplands has increased, resulting in accelerated land degradation and desertification, decreased agricultural productivity, and consequently jeopardizing environmental and food security. Mapping and monitoring saline soils is an important management tool, aimed at determining the extent and severity of salinization processes. Recent developments in advanced remote sensing methods have improved the efficacy of mapping and monitoring saline soils. Knowledge on prevention, mitigation, and recovery of soil salinity and sodicity has substantially grown over time. This knowledge includes advanced measures for salt flushing and leaching, water-saving irrigation technologies, precision fertilizer systems, chemical restoration, organic and microbial remediation, and phytoremediation of affected lands. Of a particular interest is the development of forestry-related means, with afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, and silvopasture practices for the recovery of salt-affected soils. The forecasted expansion of drylands and aggravated drying of existing drylands due to climatic change emphasize the importance of this topic.

Effect of sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus on saline soils amendment and growth of cowpea and yam bean legumes

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. STAMFORD ◽  
A. D. S. FREITAS ◽  
D. S. FERRAZ ◽  
C. E. R. S. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

A greenhouse experiment was carried out from January–May 2001, to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus, compared with gypsum, in the amendment of two saline sodic soils (Neosol Fluvic Salic sodic) from the Brazilian semi-arid region, and on growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean, inoculated with specific rhizobia strains. The treatments consisted of sulphur rates (0·6, 1·2 and 1·8 t/ha) and gypsum (1·8 and 3·6 t/ha), and irrigation water containing the salts NaHCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl and KCl, with electrical conductivity 0·2 dS/m at 25 °C. There was a treatment with no sulphur or gypsum applied. The correctives increased Na+ and electrical conductivity on leached solution, and decreased soil pH and exchangeable cations, especially Na+. Sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus was more efficient than gypsum, reducing soil-exchangeable sodium. Sulphur with Thiobacillus in Soil 1 reduced pH (8·2 to 4·7) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (15·3 to 1·7 mS/cm) to values below those used for classification as saline and sodic soil. The growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean was increased by rhizobia inoculation when soil ameliorants were used, especially sulphur in combination with Thiobacillus.

scholarly journals Monitoring soil salinity using time-lapse electromagnetic conductivity imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Catarina Paz ◽  
Mohammad Farzamian ◽  
Ana Marta Paz ◽  
Nádia Luísa Castanheira ◽  
Maria Conceição Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salinity Levels

Abstract. Lezíria Grande of Vila Franca de Xira, located in Portugal, is an important agricultural system where soil faces the risk of salinization, being thus prone to desertification and land abandonment. Soil salinity can be assessed over large areas by the following rationale: (1) use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) to measure the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, dS m−1); (2) inversion of ECa to obtain electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) which provide the spatial distribution of the soil electrical conductivity (σ, mS m−1); (3) calibration process consisting of a regression between σ and the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil paste extract (ECe, dS m−1), used as a proxy for soil salinity; and (4) conversion of EMCI into salinity maps using the obtained calibration equation. In this study, EMI surveys and soil sampling were carried out between May 2017 and October 2018 at four locations with different salinity levels across the study area of Lezíria de Vila Franca. A previously developed regional calibration was used for predicting ECe from EMCI. This study aims to evaluate the potential of time-lapse EMCI and the regional calibration to predict the spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity in the study area. The results showed that ECe was satisfactorily predicted, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.22 dS m−1 in a range of 52.35 dS m−1 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89. Results also showed strong concordance with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.93, although, ECe was slightly overestimated with a mean error (ME) of −1.30 dS m−1. Soil salinity maps for each location revealed salinity fluctuations related to the input of salts and water either through irrigation, precipitation or groundwater level and salinity. Time-lapse EMCI has proven to be a valid methodology for evaluating the risk of soil salinization, and can further support the evaluation and adoption of proper agricultural management strategies, especially in irrigated areas, where continuous monitoring of soil salinity dynamics is required.

Predicting Soil Electrical Conductivity of the Saturation Extract from a 1:1 Soil to Water Ratio

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (18) ◽  
pp. 2148-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Matthees ◽  
Yangbo He ◽  
Rachel K. Owen ◽  
David Hopkins ◽  
Bob Deutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Water Ratio

scholarly journals Recreation and terrain effect on the spatial variation of the apparent soil electrical conductivity in an urban park

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
O. M. Kunakh ◽  
N. V. Yorkina ◽  
O. V. Zhukov ◽  
N. M. Turovtseva ◽  
Y. L. Bredikhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Conductivity Variation ◽  
Variogram Models ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity

Recreation is an important cultural ecosystem service and is able to significantly affect soil heterogeneity and vegetation functioning. This study investigated the role of the relief and tree stand density in the apparent soil electrical conductivity variation within an urban park. The most suitable variogram models were assessed to evaluate the autocorrelation of the regression models. The map of the spatial variability of apparent soil electrical conductivity was built on the basis of the most suitable variogram. The experimental polygon was located in the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro City, Ukraine). The experimental polygon was formed by a quasi-regular grid of measurement locations located about 30 m apart. The measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity of the soil in situ were made in May 2018 at 163 points. On average, the value of soil apparent electric conductivity within the investigated polygon was 0.55 dSm/m and varied within 0.17–1.10 dSm/m. Such environment predictors as tree stand density, relief altitude, topographic wetness index, and potential of relief to erosion were able to explain 48% of the observed variability of soil electrical conductivity. The relief altitude had the greatest influence on the variation of soil electrical conductivity, which was indicated with the highest values of beta regression coefficients. The most important trend of the electric conductivity variation was due to the influence of relief altitude and this dependence was nonlinear. The smallest values of the soil electrical conductivity were recorded in the highest and in lowest relief positions, and the largest values were detected in the relief slope. Recreational load can also be explained by the geomorphology predictors and tree stand density data. These predictors can explain 32% of the variation of recreational load. The variogram was built both for the soil apparent electrical conductivity dataset and for the residuals of the regression model. As a result of the procedure of the models’ selection on the basis of the AIC we obtained the best estimation of the variogram models parameters for the electrical conductivity and for the regression residuals of the electrical conductivity. The level of recreation was correlated statistically significantly with the apparent soil electrical conductivity. The residuals of regression models in which geomorphological indicators and tree stand density were used as predictors have a higher correlation level than the original variables. The soil electrical conductivity may be a sensitive indicator of the recreation load.

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