Novel Voltage Choice and Min-Cut Based Assignment for Dual-VDD System

Author(s):  
Haiqi WANG ◽  
Sheqin DONG ◽  
Tao LIN ◽  
Song CHEN ◽  
Satoshi GOTO
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056237
Author(s):  
Yan Kwan Lau ◽  
Sumiyo Okawa ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
Kota Katanoda ◽  
Takahiro Tabuchi

ObjectivesJapan is currently the biggest market of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in the world. Little is known about nicotine dependence among HTP users. Thus, the objective was to assess the association of type of tobacco use and time-to-first-use, a marker of nicotine dependence.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of the 2019 data from an internet cohort study was conducted. The analytical sample consisted of 2147 current (≥1 day use in the past 30 days) HTP and/or conventional cigarette users, aged 25+ years. Marginal structural binomial regression was used to estimate nicotine dependence prevalence ratios (PRs) for each category of tobacco use (exclusive daily cigarette, exclusive HTP (≥1 day), dual HTP+daily cigarette, dual HTP+non-daily cigarette), relative to exclusive, non-daily cigarette smoking.ResultsUsing a 5 min cut-off for time-to-first-use, the prevalence of nicotine dependence was higher among dual users of HTP and daily cigarettes (PR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.82) and exclusive, daily cigarette users (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.91), relative to exclusive, non-daily cigarette users. However, nicotine dependence among exclusive HTP users, and dual HTP+non-daily cigarette users, did not differ from that of exclusive, non-daily cigarette users. When using 15 and 30 min cut-offs, all types of users, including exclusive HTP, had higher levels of nicotine dependence relative to exclusive, non-daily cigarette users.ConclusionsRegardless of HTP use, daily cigarette users had higher prevalence of nicotine dependence compared with non-daily cigarette users. Exclusive HTP users had similar (or potentially higher) dependence compared with exclusive, non-daily cigarette users. Longitudinal studies are needed to interrogate the public health implications of growing HTP use worldwide.


Author(s):  
Michal Dory ◽  
Yuval Efron ◽  
Sagnik Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Danupon Nanongkai
Keyword(s):  

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Davis ◽  
William A. Barrett ◽  
Scott D. Swingle
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
И.В. МАЦЕЙЧИК ◽  
С.М. КОРПАЧЕВА ◽  
Е.А. СУВОРОВА ◽  
А.Н. ТКАЧ

Разработаны рецептуры хлебобулочных изделий на основе сухой подсырной деминерализованной сыворотки «Вимм-билль-данн» с добавлением тонкодисперсного порошка из яичной скорлупы механохимической обработки и растительных порошков из свеклы, клюквы и моркови после инфракрасной обработки. С помощью математического моделирования путем решения задач линейного программирования подобраны оптимальные соотношения ингредиентов рецептур, представленные в виде информационной матрицы для проектирования. Усовершенствована технология приготовления новых хлебобулочных изделий: просеянную сыворотку разводят водой в соотношении 1 : 10, добавляют измельченные овсяные хлопья и замачивают на 15 мин; в полученную смесь вводят ингредиенты: подготовленные дрожжи активированные, порошок ИК-сушки из растительных ингредиентов и порошок из яичной скорлупы, размягченное сливочное масло, просеянную муку с аскорбиновой кислотой; производят замешивание теста в течение 7–8 мин при увеличенной скорости до однородной консистенции; тесто оставляют для брожения на 35 мин, разделывают на шарики массой 50 г и ставят на расстойку на 20 мин, выпекают при температуре 180–200°С в течение 20 мин. Установлено, что ускоренная механическая обработка интенсифицирует процессы приготовления теста, сокращая их продолжительность, мин: брожения с 75 до 35, расстойки с 55 до 20, выпечки от 5 до 2 по сравнению с контрольным образцом. Потребление разработанных хлебобулочных изделий удовлетворяет от 10 до 15% суточной потребности организма в β-каротине, кальции и белке. Разработанные хлебобулочные изделия соответствуют требованиям ТР ТС 021/2011 и рекомендованы в качестве функциональных продуктов детского, диетического и геронтологического питания. Bakery products on the basis of the dry demineralized whey powder Wimm-Bill-Dann with addition of fine powder of an egg shell of mechanochemical processing and vegetable powders of infrared processing from beet, a cranberry and carrots are developed. With the help of mathematical modeling by solving problems of linear programming the optimal ratio of the ingredients of the formulations presented in the form of an information matrix for the design are selected. The technology of preparation of new bakery products is improved: the sifted serum is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 : 10, the crushed oat flakes are added and soaked for 15 min; the ingredients are introduced into the resulting mixture: prepared activated yeast, IR drying powder from plant ingredients and eggshell powder, softened butter, sifted flour with ascorbic acid; kneading the dough for 7–8 min at an increased speed to a homogeneous consistency; the dough is left to ferment for 35 min, cut into balls weighing 50 g and put on proofing for 20 min and bake at 180–200°C for 20 min. It was found that accelerated machining intensifies the dough preparation processes, reducing their duration, min: fermentation from 75 to 35, proofing from 55 to 20, baking from 5 to 2 compared to the control sample. The consumption of the developed bakery products meets from 10 to 15% of the daily needs of the body in β-carotene, calcium and protein. The developed bakery products conform to requirements of TR CU 021/2011 and are recommended as functional products of baby, dietary and gerontological food.


2003 ◽  
pp. 521-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghua Hannah Yang ◽  
D. F. Wong
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 102205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Gesmundo ◽  
J. M. Landsberg ◽  
Michael Walter

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