<p>Three-way or tri-sector partnerships were proposed in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2002) as a way to reduce poverty and achieve development targets by 2015 (Warner & Sullivan, 2006). These partnerships are between government, civil society and the private sector, and there is not much research on how such partnerships work in the development world. The purpose of this research is to explore the effectiveness of partnerships between Cambodia’s government, NGOs, and the private sector in Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET), particularly from the NGOs’ perspective. The research methodology used in this study was a qualitative case study. Data was collected from in-depth interviews as well as document analysis, such as NGO’s annual reports, project agreements with Cambodia’s government, and other related documents from three NGOs working in the TVET sector in Phnom Penh. This research used Creswell’s framework (2014) for qualitative data analysis and interpretation. The findings conclude that the tri-sector partnerships within one NGO to that of another NGO are quite different depending on the level of trust and interdependence of the parties. These partnerships between government, the business sector and NGOs are based upon the belief that collaboration brings benefits to each actor. From the business’s side, the benefits include the improvement of industrial production processes and productivity due to an increased supply of well-skilled staff. From the NGOs’ perspective, the benefits include accessing enterprises’ equipment and expertise. The government provides decentralised powers to local government to facilitate the working process of the NGOs and the private sector. These findings provide insight into Cambodia’s tri-sector TVET partnerships, making a contribution to understandings and knowledge of NGOs in TVET and their partners.</p>
English Language Competency in Enhancing Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) Graduates’ Marketability in the Malaysian Workplace: A Literature Review
