Major cardiac defects in cattle in southern Brazil: retrospective study of necropsies over 20 years (2000-2019)

ABSTRACT: Cardiac malformations are reported to be relatively rare in bovine species, with ventricular septal defects being the most common abnormality observed predominantly in young calves. This report aims to describe the cardiac malformations observed in bovids and review the literature related to those malformations in this species. The necropsy reports of 1,783 bovids were reviewed, and 0.4% were diagnosed with a cardiac congenital defect. The most common cardiac congenital malformation detected in this study was ventricular septal defect, observed alone or associated with other anomalies (in one case, as part of tetralogy of Fallot); followed by atrial septal defect, also alone or with other cardiac malformations. Secondary findings in the lungs and liver were observed in 75% of all cases. Histologic cardiac lesions were identified in 25% of all cases, characterized mainly by fibrosis. Other congenital malformations in different organs were observed in 25% of the cases. Considering the importance of cardiac congenital malformations observed in this study, these conditions should be considered as a differential diagnosis for calves who died with no specific clinical signs. Furthermore, macroscopic evaluation is crucial for the diagnosis of cardiac congenital malformations.

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Delayed Closure of Multiple Muscular Ventricular Septal Defects in an Infant after Coarctation Repair and a Hybrid Procedure�A Case Report

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf98.20101081 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ireneusz Haponiuk ◽

Maciej Chojnicki ◽

Radosaw Jaworski ◽

Jacek Juciski ◽

Mariusz Steffek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Septal Defect ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Hybrid Approach ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Color Doppler Echocardiography ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Coarctation Repair ◽

Step Procedure ◽

The Right ◽

Delayed Closure

There are several strategies of surgical approach for the repair of multiple muscular ventricular septal defects (mVSDs), but none leads to a fully predictable, satisfactory therapeutic outcome in infants. We followed a concept of treating multiple mVSDs consisting of a hybrid approach based on intraoperative perventricular implantation of occluding devices. In this report, we describe a 2-step procedure consisting of a final hybrid approach for multiple mVSDs in the infant following initial coarctation repair with pulmonary artery banding in the newborn. At 7 months, sternotomy and debanding were performed, the right ventricle was punctured under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance, and the 8-mm device was implanted into the septal defect. Color Doppler echocardiography results showed complete closure of all VSDs by 11 months after surgery, probably via a mechanism of a localized inflammatory response reaction, ventricular septum growth, and implant endothelization.

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Axillary artery: An unanticipated choice of access in the cath lab!

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals ◽

10.1177/02184923211026445 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 021849232110264

Author(s):

Puneet Varma ◽

Bharath A Paraswanath ◽

Anand Subramanian ◽

Jayaranganath Mahimarangaiah

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Heart Surgery ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Axillary Artery ◽

Open Heart Surgery ◽

Open Heart ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Rare Site

Ventricular septal defects are increasingly being closed by transcatheter technique, with lesser morbidity and shorter hospital stay compared to open heart surgery. We report a case of embolization of a duct occluder deployed in a posterior muscular septal defect. The rare site of embolization necessitated an unusual approach for retrieval prior to subsequent closure using a double-disc device.

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Increased Prevalence of Ventricular Septal Defect: Epidemic or Improved Diagnosis

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.83.2.200 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 200-203

Author(s):

Gerard R. Martin ◽

Lowell W. Perry ◽

Charlotte Ferencz

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Ductus Arteriosus ◽

Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽

Cardiovascular Malformations ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Live Births ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Clinical Diagnoses ◽

Control Study

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study is an ongoing case-control study of congenital cardiovascular malformations in infants in whom the clinical diagnoses have been confirmed by echocardiography, catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. An increase in the prevalence of ventricular septal defects was detected in 1,494 infants with congenital cardiovascular malformations between 1981 and 1984. The prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations increased from 3.6 to 4.5 per 1,000 live births (P<.025) and the prevalence of ventricular septal defect increased from 1.0 to 1.6 per 1,000 live births (P< .001). The increase in ventricular septal defects accounted for the total increase in congenital cardiovascular malformations. The prevalence of isolated ventricular septal defect increased from 0.67 to 1.17 per 1,000 live births (P<.001). The prevalence of ventricular septal defect with associated coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and pulmonic stenosis did not change. The prevalence of ventricular septal defect diagnosed by catheterization, surgery, and autopsy did not change; however, defects diagnosed by echocardiography increased from 0.30 to 0.70 per 1,000 live births (P<.001). It is concluded that the reported increase in prevalence of ventricular septal defect is due to improved detection of small, isolated ventricular septal defects and that there is no evidence of an "epidemic."

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Percutaneous-perventricular device closure of ventricular septal defect: mid-term follow-up.

10.21203/rs.2.16046/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Long Wang ◽

Lin Xie ◽

Weiqiang Ruan ◽

Tao Li ◽

Changping Gan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

The Novel ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Device Closure ◽

Residual Shunt ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Perventricular Device Closure

Abstract Background: This report presents updated data and mid-term follow-up information to a former study introducing the novel technique of percutaneous-perventricular device closure of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defect. Methods: Thirty-eight patients were added to the former series. There were 54 patients in total who had isolated doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects and underwent percutaneous-perventricular device closure. Closure outcomes and possible complications were measured in the hospital and during the 2.5-year follow-up. Results: Surgery was successful in 53 patients (98.1%). There was no death, residual shunt, new valve regurgitation or arrhythmia either perioperatively or during the entire follow-up period. Only one patient developed pericardial effusion and tamponade in the former series. The mean hospital stay was 3.2±0.6 days (range, 3.0 to 6.0 days), and only one unsuccessful case needed blood transfusion (1.9%). Conclusions: The percutaneous-perventricular device closure of isolated doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects appeared to be safe. Close monitoring for bleeding is essential postoperatively, especially in younger patients. This technique is generally safe with acceptable mid-term follow-up.

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Clinical course in children and adolescents with ventricular septal defect

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals ◽

10.1177/0218492319867001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 529-534

Author(s):

Noor Mohammad Noori ◽

Alireza Teimouri

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Defect Size ◽

Eisenmenger Syndrome ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Septal Defects

Background Ventricular septal defect, the most common congenital heart defect, is characterized by an opening between the ventricles. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course and associations between the characteristics of ventricular septal defect. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1498 children with ventricular septal defects, aged <19 years, who were referred to our center between 2003 and 2018. The diagnosis was suspected from a combination of clinical and laboratory findings, and confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography. Results Of the 1498 children, 54.9% were boys, 78.4% of defects were perimembranous, 30.4% of patients had pulmonary hypertension, 67.5% had regular follow-up, and 76 (5.1%) had complications including 28 (1.9%) with Eisenmenger syndrome; 10 died due to Eisenmenger syndrome during follow-up. The defects closed spontaneously in 38.9% and after surgery in 20.9%. Boys tended to have more perimembranous, inlet, and outlet forms (56.40%, 50.60%, 51.90%, respectively), whereas girls had more muscular types (51.80%). Most patients with pulmonary hypertension had perimembranous defects (83.10%). The majority of patients with pulmonary hypertension had large (63.40%) or moderate (36.60%) defects. Pulmonary hypertension had a significant association with defect size ( p < 0.001). After surgery, residual defects were found mostly in cases of large defects (84.60%). Most patients with spontaneous closure were younger than 4 years. Conclusion Almost four-fifths of children with ventricular septal defects had perimembranous types, and almost one-third had pulmonary hypertension which was associated with defect size. Two-fifths of the defects closed spontaneously. There was a low incidence of complications after surgery.

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Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect with Occlutech Duct Occluder

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951117002463 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 598-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sezen Atik-Ugan ◽

Irfan Levent Saltik

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Patent Ductus Arteriosus ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Transcatheter Closure ◽

Ductus Arteriosus ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Patent Ductus

AbstractPatent ductus arteriosus occluders are used for transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects, as well as for closure of patent ductus arteriosus. The Occlutech Duct Occluder is a newly introduced device for transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Here, we present a case in which the Occlutech Duct Occluder was successfully used on a patient for the closure of a perimembraneous ventricular septal defect.

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Biventricular morphology in adults born with a ventricular septal defect

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951118001361 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

pp. 1379-1385 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marie Maagaard ◽

Johan Heiberg ◽

Filip Eckerström ◽

Benjamin Asschenfeldt ◽

Christian E. Rex ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Right Ventricular ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Volume Index ◽

Peak Exercise ◽

Stroke Index ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Septal Defects ◽

End Diastolic Volume

AbstractVentricular septal defects – large, surgically closed or small, untreated – have demonstrated lower peak exercise capacity compared with healthy controls. The mechanisms behind these findings are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we evaluated biventricular morphology in adults with a ventricular septal defect using MRI. Adults with either childhood surgically closed or small, untreated ventricular septal defects and healthy controls underwent cine MRI for the evaluation of biventricular volumes and quantitative flow scans for measurement of stroke index. Scans were analysed post hoc in a blinded manner. In total, 20 operated patients (22±2 years) and 20 healthy controls (23±2 years) were included, along with 32 patients with small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects (26±6 years) and 28 controls (27±5 years). Operated patients demonstrated larger right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (103±20 ml/m2) compared with their controls (88±16 ml/m2), p=0.01. Heart rate and right ventricular stroke index did not differ between operated patients and controls. Patients with unrepaired ventricular septal defects revealed larger right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (105±17 ml/m2) compared with their controls (88±13 ml/m2), p<0.01. Furthermore, right ventricular stroke index was higher in unrepaired ventricular septal defects (53±12 ml/minute/m2) compared with controls (46±8 ml/minute/m2), p=0.02, with similar heart rates. Both patient groups’ right ventricles were visually characterised by abundant coarse trabeculation. Positive correlations were demonstrated between right ventricular end-diastolic volume indices and peak exercise capacity in patients. Left ventricle measurements displayed no differences between groups. In conclusion, altered right ventricular morphology was demonstrated in adults 20 years after surgical ventricular septal defect repair and in adults with small, untreated ventricular septal defects.

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Hybrid perventricular muscular ventricular septal defect closure using the new multi-functional occluder

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951120002401 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 1517-1520

Author(s):

Raymond N. Haddad ◽

Régis Gaudin ◽

Damien Bonnet ◽

Sophie Malekzadeh-Milani

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Transcatheter Closure ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Small Children ◽

New Device ◽

Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Ventricular Septal Defect Closure ◽

Technical Features

AbstractThe hybrid perventricular approach for the closure of trabecular ventricular septal defects is an attractive treatment modality for small children. Worldwide experience has shown that procedure success is influenced by the defect anatomical accessibility, operators’ expertise, and device technical features. In May 2018, a new promising device, the KONAR-Multi-functional™ ventricular septal defect occluder (Lifetech, Shenzhen, China), obtained CE-marking for septal defect transcatheter closure after the first-in-man implantation in 2013. Herein, this is the first report of successful perventricular closure of ventricular septal defect using this new device in a child with significant co-morbidities.

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Incidental Discovery of a Membranous Ventricular Septal Aneurysm in Two Dissimilar Patients

Case Reports in Cardiology ◽

10.1155/2012/324326 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abhishek Naidu ◽

Michelle Ricketts ◽

Aashish Goela ◽

Gerard Shoemaker ◽

Shuo Li

Keyword(s):

Septal Defect ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽

Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Cardiac Anomaly ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

True Incidence ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Incidental Discovery

A ventricular septal aneurysm (VSA) is a rare cardiac anomaly, and an accurate statistic of its prevalence has not been reported in the literature. True incidence is likely underestimated as most patients are thought to be asymptomatic. As a result, most VSAs are discovered incidentally on echocardiography, during angiography, or at autopsy. Potential complications include rupture, bacterial endocarditis, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and thromboembolic disease. It has been proposed that VSAs occur in association with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and other congenital cardiac abnormalities. It is uncommon for a VSA to exist in the absence of a known prior ventricular septal defect. We present two cases, each highlighting an incidental intact aneurysm involving the membranous interventricular septum. We discuss the contrast in the two patients with regard to their age, accompanying cardiac anomalies and cardiovascular fitness. Clinical implications of the condition are reviewed.

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