Effect of calcium sources in the diets of adult cats on urinary parameters and acid-base balance

ABSTRACT: Calcium is a macroelement that is part of the mineral composition of the diet of companion animals, and is considered a cation of strong alkalizing power, increasing urinary pH. Calcium salts have different solubilities and depending on the anion to which calcium is associated with, it can be more or less absorbed, modifying the pH of the urine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of calcium sources on alkalinization of urinary pH, as well as excretion of urinary electrolytes and acid-base balance of adult cats. An extruded diet for cats was selected, and had 160mEq/kg of calcium from the sources of either calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14) added. In the control treatment there was no addition of calcium sources, resulting in three treatments. Nine adult cats were used, mixed breed, in two experimental periods, with six replicates per treatment. Animal average age was 4±1.3 years old and average weight was 3.96±0.71kg. The cats remained in metabolic cages for an adaptation period of seven days, followed by six days of urine total collection, with volume, density, pH and calcium concentration (g/d) measurements. The acid-base balance was studied by blood gas analysis of venous blood. The two sources of calcium alkalinized the urine (P<0.001). However, calcium gluconate had less alkalinization power compared to the calcium carbonate (P<0.05). Urinary calcium was not affected by treatments, and represented less than 0.5% of calcium intake. The experiment showed that calcium, although an alkaline cation and considered strong influencer of the EB of the diet, cannot be evaluated individually, because depending on its associated anion it may have greater or lesser influence on cats urine pH.

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Different sources of sulfur in diets of adult cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Dóris Pereira Halfen ◽

Alexandre de Mello Kessler ◽

Luciano Trevizan ◽

Juliana Toloi Jeremias ◽

Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Sulfate ◽

Control Diet ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urinary Ph ◽

Base Balance ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Urinary Parameters ◽

Different Sources

ABSTRACT: Urolithiasis is a common disorder in the veterinary clinic and is considered as one of the most frequently cause of morbidity. This disorder is closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation it is possible to modify the urinary pH. Sulfur is considered macroelement with a strong influence on the acid-base status and may be crucial to control urinary pH in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of addition of different sources of sulfur (S) in the diet of cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance. Forty-two healthy adult cats were divided into 3 groups, and each group of 14 cats received 7 diets in a complete randomized block design. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DL-methionine (DLM) and methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) were added to a control diet in two levels (1.28g S/kg and 2.56g S/kg) to formulate 6 other experimental diets. The acid-base balance was evaluated by hemogasometry in samples of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (P<0.05). Calcium sulfate; although, not differentiated from the control diet, has been shown to alter urinary pH despite its zero electrolyte balance. Apparently, the alkalizing effect of calcium was not sufficient to avoid sulfate acidification of the urine. Treatments showed no alteration of the acid-base balance of the animals and no affect the consumption of the diets.

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Renal regulation of acid-base balance in the bullfrog

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.6.980 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 201 (6) ◽

pp. 980-986 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Hisato Yoshimura ◽

Masateru Yata ◽

Minoru Yuasa ◽

Robert A. Wolbach

Keyword(s):

Carbonic Anhydrase ◽

Ammonia Excretion ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urinary Ph ◽

Base Balance ◽

Chloride Excretion ◽

Acid Load ◽

Renal Carbonic Anhydrase

Renal mechanisms for the maintenance of acid-base balance were studied in the normal bullfrog, during metabolic and respiratory acidosis, and after carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Following intravenous administration of 0.3–12 mmole HCl/ kg, as 0.1 n HCl, urinary pH (initially pH 6.3–7.7) did not change significantly. However, urinary ammonia excretion increased more than twofold, and within 3–5 days the cumulative increase was equivalent to the acid load given. Despite the increased ammonia excretion, chloride excretion did not increase after acid loading. In both normal and acidotic bullfrogs ammonia excretion was correlated with an increase in urinary pH. Respiratory acidosis in the small frog, Rana limnocharis, produced by exposure to 6.4% CO2 in air, induced neither urinary acidification nor increased ammonia excretion; both urinary sodium and bicarbonate excretion increased. When renal carbonic anhydrase was inhibited by acetazoleamide injection, urine flow, sodium excretion, and bicarbonate excretion increased markedly, urinary pH increased slightly, and urinary ammonia excretion remained unchanged. These renal responses to acidosis are compared with those of the acidotic dog.

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Influence of Acid-Base Balance on Efficacy and Toxicity of Drugs

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine ◽

10.1177/003591576505811p204 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 58 (11P2) ◽

pp. 961-963 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M D Milne

Keyword(s):

Practical Importance ◽

Physiological Property ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Weak Acids ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urinary Ph ◽

Alkaline Urine ◽

Base Balance ◽

Ph Dependent

Changes in acid-base balance have a profound influence on many aspects of the action of drugs. This is illustrated by data on the absorption of drugs from the stomach and intestine, in changes in distribution of drugs between plasma and cells, and the effect of change in urinary pH. As a general principle, these changes in the pharmacology of weak acids and bases are governed by physicochemical principles, which influence the proportion of the ionized and unionized components according to the pH of the medium and also to the peculiar property of biological membranes which allow the free passage of the lipoid-soluble unionized component and impede transfer of the water-soluble ionized fraction. Lipoid-soluble weak acids are excreted at higher clearances in alkaline urine, and conversely weak bases in acid urine. This is shown to be of practical importance in the treatment of poisoning, in the diagnosis of addiction to drugs and in studies of drug metabolism. In general, the excretion of natural metabolites is less likely to be influenced by urinary pH, as these substances are usually less lipoid-soluble than many widely used drugs. pH-dependent excretion is, however, of practical importance in relation to the urinary content of many indolic metabolites and also in the excretion of pigments derived from the degradation of hæmoglobin. Urobilinogen excretion is certainly pH-dependent, a higher clearance rate occurring in alkaline urine. However, work is necessary to decide whether some of the porphyrins also show this important physiological property.

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Respiratory gases and acid-base balance in shell-less avian embryos

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.143.1.529 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 143 (1) ◽

pp. 529-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Rowlett ◽

K. Simkiss

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Base Excess ◽

Normal Function ◽

Functional Area ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Avian Embryos ◽

Plasma Bicarbonate ◽

Base Balance ◽

Respiratory Gases

1. The PCO2 and PO2 levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated embryonic blood were measured in normal and shell-less cultured embryos. 2. Embryos in shell-less culture were both hypoxic and hypocapnic, suggesting that wetting the respiratory membranes and the reduction in their functional area is distorting their normal function. 3. Despite this hypocapnia, there was evidence for an increase in base excess during incubation. This suggests that plasma bicarbonate is derived from renal sources rather than by resorbing the eggshell calcium carbonate, which is, of course, absent from shell-less cultures.

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Effect of anionic salts in concentrate mixture on some blood and urine minerals, acid-base balance and feed intake of dry pregnant cows on grass silage based feeding with high calcium intake

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5619 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (5-6) ◽

pp. 545-552 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. TAURIAINEN ◽

S. SANKARI ◽

L. SYRJÄLÄ-QVIST

Keyword(s):

Current Data ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urinary Ph ◽

High Calcium Intake ◽

Grass Silage ◽

High Calcium ◽

Base Balance ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Blood And Urine Samples

The objective was to study the effects of anionic salts in a concentrate mixture on some blood and urine minerals, acid-base balance and intake of Ayrshire cows fed a grass silage based diet. Eighteen nonlactating, pregnant Ayrshire cows were divided randomly into two groups according to their expected calving date. Dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), calculated as milliequivalents [(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + S2-)] of the two diets was +410 mEq/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) in the high DCAB group and +81 mEq/kg of the dietary DM in the low DCAB group, respectively. The DCAB was formulated using NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 and MgCl2 as anionic salts. Cows received grass silage (5.2 kg DM), hay (0.8 kg DM) and a concentrate mixture (1.7 kg DM) until calving. Both diets were supplemented with 100 g CaCO3 to achieve a high Ca intake (82 g Ca/d). Blood and urine samples were collected 4, 3, 2 and 1 week before the expected calving date, at calving, the day after calving and 1 week following calving. Current data indicated that it may be difficult to formulate a diet with a negative DCAB, if the K content of grass silage is over 30 g/kg DM. As a result, no increase in blood Ca2+ and a relatively high urinary pH were observed. Furthermore, it may advantageous to increase Mg intakes above current Finnish recommendations when dietary Ca concentrations are high, since 28% of experimental cows experienced hypomagnaesemia at parturition.;

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Use of enteral electrolyte solutions with different sodium acetate concentrations in weaned foals: the effects on acid-base balance, blood glucose, lactate, and urine ph

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20210256 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Lorena Chaves Monteiro ◽

Rinaldo Batista Viana ◽

Raffaella Bertoni Cavalcanti Teixeira ◽

Marcel Ferreira Bastos Avanza ◽

Pedro Ancelmo Nunes Ermita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Electrolyte Solutions ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Urinary Ph ◽

Blood Ph ◽

Base Balance

ABSTRACT: The effects of acetate as an alkalinizing agent in maintenance enteral electrolyte solutions administered by nasogastric route in a continuous flow have not been previously described in weaned foals. This is the second part of a study that evaluated the effects of two electrolyte solutions of enteral therapy fluid in weaned foals. In this part, will be considered the effects of enteral electrolyte solutions containing different acetate concentrations on acid-base balance, blood glucose, lactate and urine pH of weaned foals. This was a controlled trial in a cross-over design performed in six foals with a mean age of 7.3 ± 1.4 months. After 12 h of water and food deprivation, each animal received the following two treatments by nasogastric route in a continuous flow of 15 ml/kg/h during 12 h: HighAcetate (acetate 52 mmol/l) and LowAcetate (acetate 22.6 mmol/l). The HighAcetate treatment was effective in generating a slight increase in blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration, base excess and urinary pH.

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