Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: Unilateral and Multilateral Policy Options

Progress of agriculture is becoming increasingly reliant on the successful application of technology. However, many developing countries depend on technology transfer from other countries to be utilized in large and complex projects in agriculture. This study intends to identify strategic directions for successful technology transfer in developing countries’ agriculture with Kazakhstan as a case study. A SWOT analysis was conducted using Internal Factor Evaluation, External Factor Evaluation, Strategic Position and Action Evaluation, and Quantitative Strategic Planning matrices as analytical methods, based on primary data from interviews and secondary data from reports. With a weight of 52%, opportunities prevail in external factors, with emerging good geographical position, land area latitude, and participation in economic integrations as the most significant ones. On the other hand, internal factors such as emerging low skills in agricultural innovation, insufficient resources in agriculture, old technologies and worn-out equipment, and lack of mechanisms for effective adaptation of foreign technologies to local conditions are indicated as weaknesses, with the percentage of 82%. This study includes twenty-six strategies that were specially designed for technology transfer, and nine of them are considered the most relevant in overcoming internal weaknesses by exploiting external opportunities. Promoting agriculture in an innovative direction, expanding the resource base necessary for technology transfer, and increasing sources of funding for the transfer of technology and the R&amp;D expenditures in agriculture make a top 3 of these strategies. These results will be of interest for policymakers in decision-making on technology transfer in agriculture.

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Sustainability of E-Government Success

Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development - E-Government Success Factors and Measures ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4058-0.ch007 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 104-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ralf Klischewski ◽

Lemma Lessa

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Research Agenda ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Economic Environment ◽

Limited Budget ◽

Transfer Of Technology ◽

Integrated Research ◽

Non Local

The long-term success of e-government initiatives is of paramount importance, especially for developing countries, which face challenges such as limited budget, donor dependence, transfer of technology, short-term involvement of non-local agents, and relatively unstable political and economic environment. Although e-government success and sustainability are both relevant concepts to assess IT-enabled administrative processes in practice, e-government research has not yet elaborated the two concepts in an integrated fashion. Depending on review of the extant literature, this chapter (1) clarifies the concepts of e-government success and sustainability, (2) provides a conceptualization, which unfolds for both concepts the most used sub-concepts and constructs in terms of enablers and evaluation criteria, and (3) proposes an integrated research agenda for studying the interrelation of both concepts in detail.

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Optimal Policy for Biopharmaceutical Drugs Innovation and Access in India

Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development - Regional Innovation Systems and Sustainable Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-61692-846-9.ch007 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 74-114

Author(s):

Rakhi Rashmi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Optimal Policy ◽

Patent Protection ◽

Trips Agreement ◽

Public Access ◽

The Public ◽

Transfer Of Technology ◽

The People ◽

The Right ◽

Government Initiative

In theory, patents work by providing the inventor an incentive to invent in the first place and then to disclose. Disclosure to the public is rewarded by giving the inventor a monopoly. As product patent and higher patent protection has been advocated by Art 27.1 of the TRIPs agreement on the basis that for greater innovation through transfer of technology is a necessity in developing countries like India as it provides capital to fund expensive innovations, who are otherwise not be able to fund expensive innovations on its own. On the other hand, at the same time drugs are also related with the health of the people and to take care of the health of the people is the utmost priority of any Government and there are issues like accessibility with regard to strong patent protection to biopharma products and data exclusivity. Also as per Art 7 of the TRIPs transfer of technology has to occur to the developing countries in order to promote technological innovations, which is conducive to social and economic welfare. Therefore, striking the right balance between incentive and public access creates a tension is essential. This study suggests optimal policy (Patent and other regulations) to have a balance between biopharma drugs innovation and their access in India while complying with the provisions of the TRIPs agreement by broadly categorising variables such as (1) patent policy such as the scope of biotech patents and the extent of the right in terms of breadth and length; and (2) regulatory environment such as the taxation incentive, Investment policy, Government initiative for the development of this sector etc.

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Sanitation Challenges and Policy Options in Developing Countries: A Critical Review

Sustainable Development Goals Series - Resource Management, Sustainable Development and Governance ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-85839-1_24 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 399-414

Author(s):

Nuthan Maharaj ◽

Brij Maharaj

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Critical Review ◽

Policy Options

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Drought Challenges: Policy Options for Developing Countries

Drought Challenges - Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-814820-4.21001-8 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. iii

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Policy Options

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Policy Enabling Environment of Mining Sector in Tanzania: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v11n4p1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Willy Maliganya ◽

Kenneth Bengesi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Policy Options ◽

Mining Sector ◽

Investment Environment ◽

Mining Companies ◽

Enabling Environment ◽

Mineral Wealth ◽

Expected Benefits ◽

The Government

Mining has increasingly become an important contributor to the economy of developing countries including Tanzania. Since independence, Tanzania has made several efforts in response to address the challenges in the mining sector to enhance its contribution to the national economy. However, such efforts have not been successful in addressing the persisting challenges, which includes lack of expected benefits, failure to develop policy options for making the investment environment supportive for all actors in the sector; hence failure to use mineral wealth sustainably. The reasons for the persistence of these challenges are not well documented especially in relation to the policy framework. While some scholars attribute these challenges to bad deals with mining companies, others blame the government for its failure to effectively implement, monitor and enforce the existing regulatory framework. This paper reviews the policy enabling environment of the mining sector in Tanzania. The results indicate that Tanzania has taken measures to create some opportunities through policy enabling environment. However, the measures have not been able to achieve the expected results due to the persistence of targeted challenges in the sector. In view of this, improvement of the policy framework is particularly needed where policy gaps have accelerated for poor practices.

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