Effects of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila) Competition on Establishment and Productivity of Switchgrass

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel A. D. Larson ◽  
Mark J. Renz ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cellulosic Bioenergy ◽  
The Relationship

Switchgrass is a potential feedstock for cellulosic bioenergy production. Weed competition from annual grass during the establishment year can reduce switchgrass establishment and resulting productivity, but the relationship between early season grass densities and outcomes of competition are not well understood. We measured how a range of giant and yellow foxtail densities in the establishment year influenced switchgrass establishment and resulting productivity in the first production year (second year of the growing season). In two of the three site–yr more than four foxtail plants m−2reduced switchgrass plant densities below documented thresholds of establishment success. A lesser effect of foxtails in the third site–year suggested that higher switchgrass emergence rates reduced foxtail competitive ability during establishment. Effects on yield were consistent over the three site–yr. The yield (10.96 Mg ha−1± 0.77) decreased rapidly as foxtail density increased. One foxtail plant m−2reduced switchgrass yield in the first production year by 25%, and yield loss was 90% or greater at densities > 50 foxtail plants m−2. Although switchgrass can establish in the presence of foxtail competition, these weed species should be controlled to maximize yields in the first production year.

Consecutive Annual Applications of Alachlor and Metolachlor to Continuous No-Till Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Peyton Doub ◽  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Thomas E. Hines ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Consecutive annual applications of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were made to continuous no-till corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3184’ in 1982 and 1983, ‘Pioneer 3744’ in 1984, and ‘Pioneer 3378’ in 1985 to 1987). In a 5-yr study, control of the dominant annual grass species, large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA], by alachlor declined to less than 50% by the fifth year. Control of large crabgrass by metolachlor remained greater than 80% throughout the study but metolachlor allowed the establishment of a greater fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI) population in this and an additional 3-yr study than in chloroacetamide-free checks. In the 3-yr study in which giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) was dominant, annual applications of metolachlor and a microencapsulated formulation of alachlor provided better control in the second year than the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of alachlor, but formulation differences diminished in the third year.

Interference between pigweed (Amaranthusspp.), barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli), and soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cowan ◽  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Competitive Index ◽  
Loss Maximum ◽  
Weed Emergence

Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of time of emergence and density of single and multispecies populations of pigweed and barnyardgrass on soybean yield and competitive abilities of pigweed and barnyardgrass. Pigweed and barnyardgrass were established at selected densities within 12.5 cm on either side of the soybean row. Pigweed and barnyardgrass seeds were sown concurrently with soybean and at the cotyledon stage of soybean growth. Time and density of pigweed and barnyardgrass seedling emergence relative to soybean influenced the magnitude of soybean yield loss. Maximum soybean yield loss ranged from 32 to 99%, depending upon time of emergence relative to soybean. Pigweed was more competitive than barnyardgrass across all locations, years, and time of weed emergence. When pigweed was assigned a competitive index of 1 on a scale from 0 to 1, the competitive ability of barnyardgrass ranged from 0.075 to 0.40 of pigweed, depending upon location and time of emergence. This is the first multiple weed species study to include time of weed emergence relative to the crop. Competitive index values for multiple weed species must be calculated from field experiments in which weeds are grown with the crop under differing environmental conditions.

Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

Banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation effects on weed populations in ridge-tilled soybean

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Jurik
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Polygonum Pensylvanicum ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Can banded herbicide be eliminated in ridge-tilled soybean (Glycine max)? The effects of banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation on weed populations and soybean yield in a ridge-tillage system were tested on three farms in Iowa, USA in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, plots either had no herbicide or had herbicide banded in the row at planting in mid-May; all plots received two rotary hoeings and two cultivations. In 1990, treatments were banded herbicide with no rotary hoeing, banded herbicide with one rotary hoeing, and no herbicide with one or two rotary hoeings; all plots received two or three cultivations. In both years, over all weed species [primarily giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)], seedling emergence was highest in late May and early June, with few seedlings emerging after mid-June. Weed populations were highest in May and June, after which rotary hoeing and cultivation reduced weed numbers in all plots. There were no consistent differences among treatments in weed numbers in early August for the 2 years. In both years, there was no significant difference in soybean yield among treatments. Within-farm mean yields ranged from 2.26 to 3.01 Mg ha−1among farms in 1989 and from 2.07 to 2.93 Mg ha−1among farms in 1990. Ridge-tillage without herbicide was generally equivalent to ridge-tillage with banded herbicide, with respect to total number of weeds and number of broad-leaved weeds remaining in August after tillage, and to soybean yield.

Response of Annual Weed Species to Glufosinate and Glyphosate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The recent introduction of glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant crops provides growers with new options for weed management. Information is needed to compare the effectiveness of glufosinate and glyphosate on annual weeds. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) to glufosinate and glyphosate. The response of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters was investigated at multiple stages of growth. Glufosinate and glyphosate were applied to each weed species at logarithmically incremented rates. The glufosinate and glyphosate rates that provided a 50% reduction in aboveground weed biomass, commonly referred to as GR50values, were compared using nonlinear regression techniques. Barnyardgrass, common ragweed, fall panicum, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass responded similarly to glufosinate and glyphosate. Common lambsquarters 4 to 8 cm in height was more sensitive to glufosinate than glyphosate. In contrast, 15- to 20-cm tall-velvetleaf was more sensitive to glyphosate than glufosinate.

Reduced Translocation Is Associated with Antagonism of Glyphosate by Glufosinate in Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry E. Besançon ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Grass Weed

Previous reports have underscored antagonism that may result from mixing glyphosate and glufosinate across a wide range of application rates and for various broadleaf and grass weed species, but no investigation has been conducted to characterize glyphosate absorption and translocation when combined with glufosinate. The objectives of this study were to evaluate herbicide efficacy and assess herbicide interaction and physiological response with combinations of glyphosate and glufosinate on common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and giant foxtail. Greenhouse studies to determine interaction resulted in strong and persistent antagonism between glyphosate at 110 and 220 g ae ha−1and glufosinate at 20 or 40 g ae ha−1in giant foxtail, whereas only transient and reduced antagonism was noted for velvetleaf and common lambsquarters. Combining glyphosate and glufosinate increased the maximum absorption of glyphosate by 9% and 23% in velvetleaf and giant foxtail, respectively, compared with glyphosate alone. In velvetleaf, averaged over time, only 2.6% of the applied radioactivity translocated out of the treated leaf when glufosinate was mixed with glyphosate compared with 9.9% when glyphosate was applied alone. In giant foxtail, 21.6% of the [14C]glyphosate translocated out of the treated leaf when glufosinate was mixed with glyphosate compared with 52.4% when glyphosate was applied alone. Conversely, no change in the radioactive pattern of translocation was noted for common lambsquarters. These results suggest that reduced translocation of glyphosate is the physiological mechanism responsible for the antagonism observed between glyphosate and glufosinate in giant foxtail and, to a lesser extent, in velvetleaf.

Interference of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and hairy galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata) with bell pepper

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongwei Fu ◽  
Richard A. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbolic Equation ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Nonlinear Hyperbolic Equation ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Large crabgrass, redroot pigweed, and hairy galinsoga are three important weed species in bell pepper and other crops in the northeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine the influence of density and relative emergence time of the three weed species on bell pepper fruit yield. Densities of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants m−1row were established for each weed species from naturally occurring weed populations. The effects of relative emergence time were studied by investigating the different yield responses to weeds emerging at two different times: 3 d or 2 wk after transplanting of pepper. Both weed density and relative emergence time affected pepper yield loss. The relative competitive ability of weed species varied between years. Large crabgrass was the most competitive species in 1998 and the measure of yield loss at low weed densities,I, was estimated to be 34% on the basis of the nonlinear hyperbolic equation. Redroot pigweed was most competitive in 1999 with an estimate of 88% forI.Hairy galinsoga was the least competitive weed in both years. Maximum yield loss under 32 plants m−1row ranged from 19% with late-emerging hairy galinsoga in 1998 to 99% with early-emerging redroot pigweed in 1999. A new equation was proposed to characterize the relation between yield loss and weed pressure by expanding the nonlinear hyperbolic equation to include a parameter to account for the change of maximum yield loss with emergence time. The expanded equation generally provided a more accurate prediction of yield loss. In addition, several models are introduced to describe both the effects of density and relative emergence time of multiple weed species on crop yield. Generally these models provided an adequate fit of the data and a good description of the competitive ability of the mixed population.

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