Gene Flow Between Red Rice (Oryza sativa) and Herbicide-Resistant Rice (O. sativa): Implications for Weed Management1

Inheritance of imidazolinone resistance in two germplasms of Clearfield rice lines, 93AS3510 and PWC-16, was studied using parents, F1 hybrids, F2 populations , and F2:3 families. Germination tests were conducted in Petri dishes under controlled environments to reveal any discrete phenotypic responses to herbicide treatments. PWC-16 has a herbicide resistance level 4.9 times higher than that of 93AS3510. A concentration of 1 mg L-1 a.i. (active ingredient) of imazethapyr herbicide produced three distinctive response types in 93AS3510 crosses, while a concentration of 10 mg L-1 was required to differentiate the three response types in PWC-16 crosses. The segregation of the herbicide-resistant gene from both Clearfield rice lines fit into the Mendelian 1:2:1 (susceptible:intermediate:resistant) ratio. There was no maternal effect associated with the inheritance of the trait. The imidazolinone resistance, therefore, is governed by a single incomplete dominant nuclear gene. The F1 hybrid from a cross between resistant and non-resistant lines will produce resistant plants. Clearfield rice provides an effective use of imidazolinone herbicides to control red rice, the most troublesome weed of rice, along with other rice weeds. Preventing transfer of the herbicide-resistant gene into red rice is crucial to maintain its effectiveness. Key words: Rice, Oryza sativa, imazethapyr, herbicide resistance, imidazolinone, incomplete dominance, heritability

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Gene flow from herbicide resistant genetically modified rice to conventional rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Journal of Ecology and Environment ◽

10.5141/ecoenv.2015.042 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 397-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sung Min Han ◽

Bumkyu Lee ◽

Ok Jae Won ◽

Ki Seon Hwang ◽

Su Jeoung Suh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Genetically Modified Rice ◽

Herbicide Resistant

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Regional scale distribution of imidazolinone herbicide-resistant alleles in red rice (Oryza sativa L.) determined through SNP markers

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2010.07.006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 119 (1) ◽

pp. 175-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

A.C. Roso ◽

A. Merotto Jr ◽

C.A. Delatorre ◽

V.G. Menezes

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Red Rice ◽

Herbicide Resistant

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Mutations in the red rice ALS gene associated with resistance to imazethapyr

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-04-111r1.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 567-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Satyendra N. Rajguru ◽

Nilda R. Burgos ◽

Vinod K. Shivrain ◽

James McD. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Weedy Rice ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Red Rice ◽

Coding Region ◽

Gene Sequences ◽

Herbicide Resistant

The introduction of Clearfield (CL) rice cultivars resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, has raised concerns of gene flow to weedy rice genotypes collectively called “red rice” that infest rice-growing areas in the southern United States. This experiment was conducted to study hybridization between CL rice and red rice using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, identify mutations in the ALS gene of imazethapyr-resistant red rice, and to detect the introgression of the ALS-resistant gene from CL rice into red rice. Natural outcrossing experiments between CL rice and strawhull (SH) red rice were set up in Stuttgart, AR, in 2002 and 2003. Putative red rice hybrids were detected among volunteer plants in the following year. Hybridization was confirmed using SSR markers, and introgression of the resistant ALS gene from CL rice to red rice was detected by ALS gene sequencing. The ALS gene sequences of U.S. rice cultivars ‘Bengal’ and ‘Cypress’, SH red rice, CL rice (CL161), and imazethapyr-resistant red rice/CL rice hybrids were compared. Nucleotide sequences of the ALS gene from the rice cultivars were identical. Three point mutations were present in the SH red rice ALS gene coding region relative to Bengal/Cypress. One of these resulted in the substitution of Asp630for Glu630. The ALS gene sequences of confirmed hybrids were identical to that of the herbicide-resistant pollen source, CL161. We identified four ALS gene mutations in the herbicide-resistant red rice hybrids relative to the susceptible rice cultivars. One point mutation, resulting in a substitution of Ser653with Asn, was linked to ALS resistance in callus tissue derived from a Kinmaze rice line from Japan. The other three mutations (Ser186—Pro, Lys416—Glu, and Leu662—Pro) are novel. This experiment confirmed that gene flow from imidazolinone-resistant rice resulted in herbicide-resistant red rice plants.

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Spread of herbicide-resistant weedy rice (red rice, Oryza sativa L.) after 5 years of Clearfield rice cultivation in Italy

Plant Biology ◽

10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00570.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 751-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. Busconi ◽

D. Rossi ◽

C. Lorenzoni ◽

G. Baldi ◽

C. Fogher

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Rice Cultivation ◽

Weedy Rice ◽

Red Rice ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Clearfield Rice

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DETECTING GENE FLOW FROM ALS-RESISTANT HYBRID AND INBRED RICE TO WEEDY RICE USING SINGLE PLANT POLLEN DONORS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479715000058 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 237-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. C. G. R. GOULART ◽

V. G. MENEZES ◽

E. D. BORTOLY ◽

V. KUPAS ◽

A. MEROTTO

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Outcrossing Rate ◽

Weedy Rice ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Red Rice ◽

Single Plant ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Pollen Donor ◽

Plant Pollen

SUMMARYGene flow from herbicide-resistant rice (Oryza sativaL.) cultivars can affect the biodiversity ofOryzaspp. and can result in the lack of opportunity to control weedy rice through selective herbicides. The aim of the present study was to quantify the outcrossing rate from the herbicide-resistant red rice and rice cultivars carrying three different ALS (acetolactate synthase) alleles using a single plant pollen donor approach. A field experiment was performed using the encircle population combination technique. The main plots comprised the pollen-receptor IRGA 417 cultivar or a susceptible biotype of weedy rice, and the subplots comprised the pollen-donor inbred cultivars IRGA 422 CL and PUITÁ INTA CL, the hybrid SATOR CL or a resistant biotype of weedy rice. Among the pollen-donors, the outcrossing rate for pollen receptor susceptible weedy rice and the IRGA 417 cultivar was 0.0344% and 0.0142%, respectively. Rice cultivars carrying theALSgene mutations Ala122Thr, Ser653Asn and Gly654Asn showed a similar outcrossing rate of 0.0243%. The outcrossing rate decreased over a distance of up to 3.5 m from the pollen-donor and was not affected by the wind cardinal direction. The risk of gene flow of herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice should be reduced through the development of new strategies to contain and mitigate gene flow and of the elimination of weedy rice escapees.

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