Phytoplankton of the Black Sea: geological past, geographic distribution of species and influence of the river flow

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
D. A. Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
River Flow ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Geological Past

Anthropogenic Impact on the Lithodynamics of the Coastal Zone of the Southern and Western Black Sea Coast (Review)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Efremova ◽  
Yu. N. Goryachkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
River Flow ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Natural Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic impact on lithodynamics of the coastal zone changes the natural dynamics of bottom sediments, which leads to increased abrasion and swelling of beaches, activation of landslide processes creating a threat of destruction of the coastal infrastructure. The article aims at providing an overview of the scientific literature on the anthropogenic impact on lithodynamics of the coastal zone of the southern and western coasts of the Black Sea (shores of Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey). The work shows that with all the differences in the natural conditions of the coastal zones of these countries the types of anthropogenic effects they undergo are almost the same. These include: hydrotechnical construction without regard to the impact on the neighbouring coast sections; reduction of solid river flow due to river regulation by reservoirs; construction of capital facilities directly on the beaches; illegal extraction of sand from beaches and river beds; dredging with sale of the extracted material to construction companies; covering of cliffs by various structures; destruction of coastal dunes, etc. The main negative consequences of these actions are reflected in disruption of natural dynamics and shortages of bottom sediments, changes in the coastline, reduced aesthetic attractiveness and accessibility of shores, destruction of coastal ecosystems. The article also provides information on the legislation of these countries regarding environmental management in the coastal zone

Black Sea Shores of Ukraine

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.P. Zaitsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Geological Past ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Sea Coast

The book covers the geological past of the Black Sea, physical-geographical and ecological characteristics, coastal wetlands of the northern part of the Black Sea, its natural resources. Much attention is paid to the problems of ecology and protection of the Black Sea. Additional information is presented for tourists, recommendations for conducting independent observations of the ecology of the Black Sea coastal zone, as well as an annotated list of fish species on the Ukrainian Black Sea coast for fishing enthusiasts. The publication is illustrated with original color photographs, drawings and diagrams.

Verruca stroemia and Verruca spengleri (Crustacea: Cirripedia): distribution in the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. Young ◽  
Helmut Zibrowius ◽  
Ghazi Bitar
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Gorringe Bank

The geographic distribution of Verruca stroemia and V. spengleri are reviewed. Verruca stroemia ranges from the White, Barents, Norwegian, and North Seas south to Portugal to the Algarve and to Gorringe Bank. All of the records of this species from the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be V. spengleri. Verruca spengleri occurs in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, in southern Spain (Cádiz), throughout the Mediterranean Sea from Gibraltar to Lebanon, and in the Black Sea. But a distinct deep-water Verruca species seems to occur in the deep Mediterranean.

MATERIAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUSPENDED MATTER in the RUSSIAN SECTOR OF THE BLACK SEA SHELF

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Денисов ◽  
V. Denisov ◽  
Ю. Ткаченко ◽  
Yu. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
River Flow ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ferric Hydroxide ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Sedimentary Matter

Using sediment traps (ST) in marine research expeditions from 1986 to 2010, 188 samples of suspended matter were analyzed. All the samples were received from the shallow-water area (2 to 50 meters depth) of the Black sea shelf. Sedimentary matter from the catch basins was singled out by means of direct, high vacuum, membranous ultrafiltration with nuclear filters having 0,45 μm diameter pinholes produced by the United Institute of Nuclear Investigations in Dubna (UINI). The suspended matter received was dried till weight stabilizing, scaled and underwent analytical research. The material composition of the sedimentary matter is represented by the clayed-carbonated-micaceous matter. Biogenous minerals are represented by three carbon types: tiff, aragonite and siderite. The amount of the chiselly biogenous minerals has a subordinate meaning and serves as adulteration in suspended matter. The amount of ore minerals in the suspended matter compositionreaches 2–3 % (ferric oxide – 1 %, ferric hydroxide – up to 2 %, etc.). Geochemical composition of the suspended matter is tightly related to the bioproduction and biofiltration, impact of river flow, shallow-water sediment detachment and inflow of aerosolized matter. The industrial factor plays an important part in formation of modern chemical suspended matter composition.

scholarly journals Causes and systematics of inundations of the Krasnodar territory on the Russian Black Sea coast

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Alexeevsky ◽  
D. V. Magritsky ◽  
K. P. Koltermann ◽  
I. N. Krylenko ◽  
P. A. Toropov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
River Flow ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract. We analyse inundation situations on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar territory for the period from 1945 until 2013 and describe the main types of inundations at the coast. Synoptic factors of the formation of extreme rainfalls and rainfall floods, features and regularities of the downstream flood wave transformation in the rivers are studied. Assessments of seasonal and maximum flow of the Black Sea Coast rivers for the period for which hydrometric measurements describe regularities of change of the occurrence of inundations and their characteristics on the coastal terrain, within a year and on perennial time scale. Most catastrophic and exceptional inundations arise in the summer and in early autumn. Small inundations during the remaining year reflect the seasonal distribution of river flow and floods in the Black Sea Rivers. Extensive and sometimes extreme precipitation dominates the river flow regimes. The seasonal distribution of small and moderately dangerous inundations reflects, on average, a water regime of two groups of rivers of the coast – to the north of the Tuapse River, and to the south. To the north of the Tuapse River, floods prevail from November until March (to 70 %). They result from precipitation and winter snowmelt during frequent thaw periods. High waters in the cold season of the year often overlap with each other, forming a multipeak high water with 2–3 weeks in duration. In the summer and in early autumn a steady low flow is observed. The total amount of runoff increases both in a southeast direction, and with the altitude of the river basins. Inter-annual variability of mean annual runoff, as well as maximum runoff, on the contrary decreases in the southern direction and with an increasing area of a river basin. The coastal high waters of the rivers of the Sochi part are typical at any time of the year, but more often floods in the cold season result from incessant rains, and thawing snow. Annually up to 25 floods are observed. The principal reason of such distribution is the increase of extreme rainfalls in the warm season. Orographic features of the coast and detailed features of rainfall cover only a small number of local river basins and a limited area. The geographical correlation of individual rainfall and subsequent floods ceases to be statistically significant for the distances over 40–60 km. The annual flow cycle is mainly determined by strong winter and spring, and weak summer flows: Despite a characteristic distribution of floods and of water flow within a year, almost 71 % of all catastrophic and exceptional inundations took place in July – August (71 %) and in October – November (29 %). The characteristic features of dangerous floods are their rapid formation and propagation, a significant increase of water level (up to 5–7 m and more) and multiple increase of water discharges. An appreciable increase of the number of inundations in the period from the early 1970s until the early years of the 21th century was noted. Quantitative assessments of risk, hazard and damage for the population and economic activities from accidental inundations in the valleys of the Black Sea coast rivers show that economic and social losses from inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory are one of the highest in the Russian Federation. The basic conclusion from recent inundations is the need to consider not only the lower reaches and mouths of the Black Sea coast rivers where the main part of the social and economic development of the coast is concentrated, but also total river basins and catchments. Further, we provide an analysis of the efficiency of the measures applied at the coast to fight inundations and their aftereffect.

scholarly journals Forecast of the Maximal Flow for the Caucasus Black Sea Coast Rivers

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
River Flow Forecasting ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Sea Coast

Methods of the maximum river flow forecasting of the Mzymta, Sochi, Zapadnyi Dagomys, Kuapse, Tuapse and Vulan rivers have been developed in order to prevent the flood risk on the rivers of the Black Sea coast. Approach of sufficiently accurate and efficient forecasting of maximum discharges and water levels with a lead time of one day has been developed on the basis of a hydrological model of snowmelt and rainfall runoff formation. A scheme for the computation of daily critical precipitation amount at the meteorological stations causing the exceeding with a given probability of critical flow rates and water levels during the expected day was proposed. Techniques of dangerous flooding probability computation during the next day and next five days depending on the initial hydro/meteorological data available on the forecast issue date of hydro/meteorological information have been developed. The proposed methods can be implemented in the operational automated flood forecasting system and used for warning of dangerous floods on the rivers of the Black Sea coast.

scholarly journals Causes and systematics of inundations of the Krasnodar territory on the Russian Black Sea coast

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Alexeevsky ◽  
Dmitry V. Magritsky ◽  
Klaus Peter Koltermann ◽  
Inna Krylenko ◽  
Pavel Toropov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
River Flow ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract. The inundation situations on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory for the period from 1945 until 2013 were analysed and the main types of inundations at the coast are described. Synoptic factors of the formation of extreme precipitation and rainfall floods, features and regularities of the downstream flood wave transformation in the rivers are also studied. Therefore, assessments of seasonal and maximum flow of the Black Sea coast rivers for the period of hydrometric measurements were done. Regularities of change of the occurrence of inundations and their characteristics on the coastal terrain were analysed, for a year and on a perennial timescale. Most catastrophic and exceptional inundations arise in the summer and in early autumn. Small inundations during the remaining year reflect the seasonal distribution of river flow and floods in the Black Sea rivers. Extensive and sometimes extreme precipitation dominates the river flow regimes. The seasonal distribution of small and moderately dangerous inundations reflects, on average, a water regime of two groups of rivers of the coast – to the north and to the south of the Tuapse River. To the north of the Tuapse River, floods prevail from November until March (up to 70 % of observed floods took place in this period) as a result of precipitation and winter snowmelt during frequent thaw periods. In winter, high waters often overlap to form a multi-peak high water of 2–3 weeks' duration. In the summer and in early autumn we observe a steady low flow. The total amount of runoff increases both in a southeast direction, and with the altitude of the river basins. Interannual variability of mean annual runoff, as well as maximum runoff, on the contrary decreases in the southern direction and with an increasing area of the river basins. The coastal high waters of the rivers of the Sochi part of the coast are typical at any time of the year, but more often floods in the cold season result from incessant rain, and thawing snow. Annually up to 25 floods have been observed. The principal reason of such distribution is the increase of extreme rainfall in the warm season. Orographic features of the coast and detailed features of rainfall only cover a small number of local river basins and a limited area. The geographical correlation of individual rainfall and subsequent floods ceases to be statistically significant for distances over 40–60 km. The annual flow cycle is mainly determined by two seasons, winter/spring and summer, with strong and weak flows, respectively; almost 71 % of all catastrophic and exceptional inundations took place in July–August (71 %) and in October–November (29 %). The characteristic features of dangerous floods are their rapid formation and propagation, a significant increase of water level (up to 5–7 m and more) and the multiple increase of water discharges in comparison with low flow period. Analysis of the interannual changes of the number of inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory has shown some increase of the number of inundations in the period from the early 1970s until the early years of the twenty-first century. Quantitative assessments of risk, hazard and damage for the population and economic activities from accidental inundations in the valleys of the Black Sea coast rivers show that economic and social losses from inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory are some of the highest in the Russian Federation. The basic conclusion from recent inundations is the need to consider not only the lower reaches and mouths of the Black Sea coast rivers where the main part of the social and economic development of the coast is concentrated, but also whole river basins and catchments. Further, an analysis of the efficiency of the measures applied at the coast to mitigate inundations and their after-effects is provided.

scholarly journals Identification conformity of wetlands biotopes of the Northwest of the Black Sea region

2016 ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
I. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
River Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wetland Type ◽  
Freshwater Marshes ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Lower Continuous

This publication presents the analysis of the mostly used international and Ukrainian classification systems for wetland areas performed for identification of different-type marsh biotopes of steppe rivers in the Northwest Black Sea Region. Among the classification systems, the most well-known are the Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type (1971) and Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al., 1979). In these systems, valley marsh biotopes are identified as riverine and palustrine, non-tidal, unstable (perennial impounded and seasonal/intermittent) freshwater marshes on mineral rich soils predominantly covered by grasslike plants (rush, reedmace, sedge). The delta marshes of the Danube, Dniester and Dnieper are referred to as tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. According to Ukrainian classification systems for hygromorphic geosystem, marsh biotopes are regarded as mouth wetlands, which is peculiar to delta marsh areas of the Danube and Dnieper interfluve. Thus, riverbed marshes of small and medium-sized rivers are located in other areas and are usually met both in the lower (continuous marsh areas), middle (fragmented marsh mosaic), and upper (coastland) river flow areas, which is caused by an unstable watercourse rate and transforming of their riverbed parts into marsh sections covered by eurytopic wetland species.

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