Very High-Resolution Satellite-Derived Bathymetry and Habitat Mapping Using Pleiades-1 and ICESat-2

Accurate and reliable bathymetric data are needed for a wide diversity of marine research and management applications. Satellite-derived bathymetry represents a time saving method to map large shallow waters of remote regions compared to the current costly in situ measurement techniques. This study aims to create very high-resolution (VHR) bathymetry and habitat mapping in Mayotte island waters (Indian Ocean) by fusing 0.5 m Pleiades-1 passive multispectral imagery and active ICESat-2 LiDAR bathymetry. ICESat-2 georeferenced photons were filtered to remove noise and corrected for water column refraction. The bathymetric point clouds were validated using the French naval hydrographic and oceanographic service Litto3D® dataset and then used to calibrate the multispectral image to produce a digital depth model (DDM). The latter enabled the creation of a digital albedo model used to classify benthic habitats. ICESat-2 provided bathymetry down to 15 m depth with a vertical accuracy of bathymetry estimates reaching 0.89 m. The benthic habitats map produced using the maximum likelihood supervised classification provided an overall accuracy of 96.62%. This study successfully produced a VHR DDM solely from satellite data. Digital models of higher accuracy were further discussed in the light of the recent and near-future launch of higher spectral and spatial resolution satellites.

Marine research and management topics addressed by process-based ecosystem models

The earth’s oceans and ecosystems face climatic changes and multiple anthropogenic stressors. In the face of this, managers of the marine environment are increasingly adopting the ecosystem approach to underpin their decision making. Process-based ecosystem models (frequently referred to as dynamic models) synthesize existing observational and experimental knowledge into a numerical framework, but an obstacle to the incorporation of these models in management is the lack of credibility due to limited control of uncertainty in the results. The 13 papers in this Theme Section highlight how ecosystem models are, or can be, applied as management tools, and the various ways in which they quantify uncertainty and evaluate the skill. The papers span all levels of biological organization from individuals to populations and ecosystems, and cover a wide selection of anthropogenic pressures. Bearing in mind that the interpretation of observations is in fact also a model with representativeness error, we advocate a closer combination of observations and models to bring both methods forward. With the current challenges to the marine ecosystem and our uses of it, the more tools marine managers have in their ‘toolbox’, the better; dynamic modelling is one such very important tool, and its inclusion in ecosystem management should be continuously assessed.

Evaluation of a New Integrated Marine Instruments: RHEA (Drifter GPS Oceanography Coverage Area)

Marine instrumentation is used to make optimal use of natural resources in the marine sector in the form of storing oceanographic characteristics data. This research aims to evaluate a new Lagrangian instrument called RHEA, developed by the Marine Research Laboratory, Padjadjaran University. This research was conducted by examining the correction factors contained in the RHEA from the mechanical and electronic side to optimize the work and carry out appropriate validation of the oceanographic parameter data. The method used is by studying marine instrument literature and conducting a series of tests on the tool until it is ready for use at sea. The output of this research is in the form of literature on how the device works to be effective and efficient in collecting data about certain oceanographic factors. The result shows that RHEA has various functions: measuring pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity, and salinity in real-time time. This instrument needs to be slightly modified again related to its design so that it can be more optimal when measuring oceanographic parameter data. In addition, in terms of data acquisition, it is necessary to improve the electronic components by replacing or adding several parts so that the data obtained can have high accuracy.

Preface: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (4th ICBB 2021), 21st-23rd September 2021.

Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chairman of 4th ICBB 2021 This issue of IOP conference proceedings contains papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) 2021. The ICBB is an annual international conference since 2018 that was initiated by Prof Ir H Sunarpi PhD. This year we are lucky to collaborate with Postgraduate-studies (Pascasarjana) University of Mataram thanks to the director Prof. Ir. H Muhamad Sarjan, M.Agr.,C.P. Ph.D and vice director Prof. Ir. Bambang Hari Kusumo, M.Agr.St., Ph.D. This meeting is hosted by Lab of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Mataram, Indonesia. It is held for three days, from 21 to 23 September 2021 by virtual conference with zoom platform due to COVID-19 pandemic. Interactive online presentations were arranged through Zoom Video Communications for the participants to present their ideas. The conference was divided into two main sessions: Main session for Keynote speakers and Panel Sessions for participants. A time of 30 minutes was given for Keynote speakers to present their fabulous work. For panel session, 10 minutes were given for participants to share their research and findings. A total of 204 participants (180 presenters and 24 non-presenters) from Universities, Research Institutes and also Government Departments joined the conference. All the selected papers were peer reviewed by expert reviewers in a double blind review system as per the review policy given by IOP Conference Series. On the first day of the conference (21st September) invited talks were presented by Prof. Julian Heyes, Ph.D. from Massey University New Zealand on “Deriving value from elite indigenous fruit and vegetable species”, Prof. Bambang Hari Kusumo, M.Agr.St., Ph.D. from University of Mataram on “Rapid measurement of soil carbon using near infrared technology”and Prof. Dr. Endang Semiarti, M.S., M.Sc. from Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia on “Biotechnology approach to improve the quality and quantity of orchids as potential agricultural commodities in Indonesia”. The second day of the conference presented talks by Prof. Lim Phaik Eem, Ph.D. from University of Malaya on “Importance of marine habitat conservation for utilization and discovery of new bioresources of seaweeds”, Prof. Mat Vanderklift, Ph.D. from Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre CSIRO Australia on “Opportunities for sustainable use of coastal ecosystems”, Assoc.Prof. Dr. Rapeeporn Ruangchuay from Prince of Songkla University Thailand on “ Seaweed resources in Thailand: cultivation and utilization” and Dr.rer.nat. Andri Frediansyah, M.Sc. from LIPI Indonesia on ”Microbial natural products: a discovery strategy”. The final day of the conference included talks by Prof. Akihiro Hazama, Ph.D. from Fukushima Medical University on “Investigation of cigarette smoke-induced cell hyperplasia mechanism using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (IPSCs)”, Prof. Kato Yasuhiro, Ph.D. from Keio University Japan on ”Water circulation of the earth and life” and Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya, Ph.D. from University of Mataram Indonesia on “Microbiome implications for bioprospecting of seaweeds”. List of Conference Photograph, Conference Organizers are available in this pdf.

Preface

As a continuation from the first and second Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology (MSAT) conference on August 3-5, 2017, in Denpasar, Bali, and on August 7-8, 2019 in Makassar, we heartfully worked on the 3rd MSAT Conference “Toward Ocean Sustainability for a Better Future Through Sciences and Technology” initially taken place at Pangandaran Integrated Aquarium and Marine Research Institute (PIAMARI), Pangandaran, West Java, 5-6th August 2021 (https://msat.fitb.itb.ac.id/). This conference is one of our Memorandum of Agreement the implementations between the Faculty of Earth Science and Technology - ITB, Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia, and the PIAMARI, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Topic, as mentioned above, is chosen to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promoted by the United Nations. The Maritime science, and technology targets at least the SDGs no 13 and 14; Climate Action and Life below water. While several others like no.1 (No Poverty) and 2 (Zero Hunger) and no. 7 (Affordable and clean energy) are also strongly workable from the Maritime section, especially our country as we are the second-largest coastline in the world. This makes 60% of our citizens live in the coastal area. Moreover, our earth system is highly likely sensitive to climate change and might continuously affect the future climate. The global surface temperature will continue to increase until at least the mid-century under all emissions scenarios considered. Global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming decades. Our first Conference proceeding (Volume 62) was published at IOP on 06 July 2018 (https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1755-1315/162/1), and our second conference proceeding (Volume 618) was published at IOP on 21 December 2020 (https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1755-1315/6187/1). The proceeding covers the important impact of the geographical position of the Indonesian Seas. We have welcomed various research findings from the aspects of Ocean-Atmosphere Dynamics, Marine Hazard and Coastal Degradation, Marine Resources, Conservation and ICZM, and Marine Geodesy and Satellite Oceanography – as have become the sessions. Therefore, in this Conference Proceeding, readers might discover the recent issue and results of research in the broad topics of maritime science and advanced technology. Unfortunately, the 3rd MSAT must be held online using the Zoom platform due to Covid-19. On June-September 2021, Indonesia was experiencing the high-risk status of Covid-19, which was under activity restrictions. We chose to keep the dates fixed on August 5-6, 2021, although we have to hold the conference virtually instead of postponing it on other dates. The reason is to keep all the speakers on schedule, and administration supports are in place. Additionally, world oceans day, commemorated on June 8, was framed for celebration. By the advantages, participants from many remote areas in Indonesia joined this virtual conference. The organizers were in 3 different cities of Bandung (ITB), Jakarta (BIG), and Pangandaran (PIAMARI). In Bandung, the MSAT committee was assigned to the faculty within several different rooms to comply with the health protocol during the pandemic. The participants who attended online on the first and second day were about 250 participants from various institutions and universities in Indonesia and teachers in Pangandaran, 3 keynote speakers and 9 invited speakers, and 53 presenters. The invited speakers were well-known scientists around the world (USA, China, Japan, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand), hence attracted some participant from abroad. The opening was opened by the Dean of the Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Dr. Irwan Meilano, S.T., M.Sc., and ITB Chancellor, Prof. Reini Wirahadikusumah. After that, it was continued with the Keynote Speaker of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Mr. Ir. Sakti Wahyu Trenggono, M.M., and continued with a mini session which was opened with a breakout room system (Room A, B, C, D, and E) on Zoom. Keynote Speakers were given 30 minutes to present the talk, and Invited speakers were allocated for 20 minutes talk and 10 minutes Q&A session guided by the assigned moderator. Meanwhile, every participant presents their works maximum of 15 minutes, followed by 5 minutes of Q&A session guided by the moderator for each morning and afternoon session. The event starts on time from 08.00 to 17.00. The MSAT event can also be watched through the Oceanography Study Program Youtube: Oceanography ITB (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtLdITrN051L6wpa5KtwG7A) List of the organizing committee is listed as follows, Photo documentation are available in this pdf.

Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Derived Bathymetry Model for Depth Extraction in Sorong Shallow Water Area

Marine research has continuously improved the methods in obtaining the related bathymetric data; not only relying on the conventional methods for i.e. echosounder-based methods, but also by incorporating satellite technology for i.e. passive remote sensing technology, in this case, satellite derived bathymetry (SDB). Regarding the SDB method, as we know, variation of sea bed cover can influence the relation between the spectral reflection of shallow water area and the depth of the sea. In this situation, normalization of the sea bed variation is needed. Previous studies have mentioned that the band ratio can help to normalize the variation of sea bed cover. This research is intended to compare the accuracy of satellite derived bathymetry by using single band and band ratio. Four bands of Sentinel 2A (blue, green, red, and NIR bands) are used along with a single beam echosounder (SBES) measurement data published in 2015 used as training and testing data for the SDB model. Furthermore, the influence of sun glint correction to the results was evaluated and the accuracy of the model was estimated. In total there are four single bands and six combinations of band ratio that are used for this research. The results show that green band outperformed band ratio in term of RMSE value. However, visually, only band ratio of blue/green band that provided a much more representative depth spatial distribution especially for shallow water area below 3 m. In this case, band ratio is effective in normalizing the variation of sea bed cover. Furthermore, the use of sun glint correction in the process is also increase accuracies of the SDB model. The highest accuracy was obtained when using green band after sun glint correction with RMSE value 2.999 m while when using band ratio of the blue band to the green band (blue/green), the accuracy was 3.624 m. In conclusion, SDB model to extend methods in obtaining bathymetry data is promising as more images become available free of charge and in various resolutions.

Developing the Debris Incinerator Vessel as a New Solution for Managing Marine Debris in Small Islands of Indonesia

Marine debris has been considered a global environmental issue, yet its impacts on each country are varied. Indonesia as an archipelagic country comprises thousands of islands and vast marine territory. The marine debris has threatened many sectors, such as marine endangered species protection, coastal ecosystem, and human livelihood (e.g., sea transportation, tourism, fisheries). The government of Indonesia has implemented various efforts to address this marine debris issue, which include applying recent methods and prototypes from global partners. Based on these approaches, we learn that there are three key success factors to clean marine debris in a very large area of Indonesia, i.e.: good understanding of marine debris dispersion in Indonesian water, sufficient budget, and good coordination among stakeholders. Hence, the Marine Research Centre developed a prototype vessel design in 2021 to manage marine debris, particularly surround small islands, which in Indonesia is called “Kapal Insinerator Sampah” or Debris Incinerator Vessel (DIV). This vessel will focus on managing the waste generated by local inhabitants and marine debris stranded on small islands.