scholarly journals Studies on Root System Formation in Legminous Crop Plants : 2. Developing types of lateral roots in main root and their anatomical observation

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Noriyuki TANAKA ◽  
Yoshinori FUJII ◽  
Masuo SOEJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Main Root ◽  
System Formation

scholarly journals The impact of morphometric characteristics of plants self-pollinated sunflower lines on its lodging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (184) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
B.N. Bochkaryov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Medvedeva ◽  
E.N. Ryzhenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
The Impact

We carried out the research in 2018-2019 at the experimental station of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The aim of the research is to study the effect of certain morphometric characteristics of the overground part of plants and the architectonics of the root system on the sunflower lodging. We found significant differences in the architectonics of root systems in 17 maternal lines of sunflower: we identified three morphotypes, differing in the number and thickness of lateral roots of the first and subsequent orders, located in the top soil. We identified the sunflower lines that have a root system with a well-developed main root and many lateral roots of various orders (type A), lines with a normally developed main root and a small number of lateral roots (type B), and lines with a poorly developed main root and few lateral roots in top soil (type C). We identified the presence of both low and high lodging in sunflower lines with different types of root systems. At the same time, there is a tendency towards higher lodging in lines with root system types B and C. The line SL12 3660 showed the maximum lodging resistance during two years of observations. It may be of interest for further work as a possible source of a lodging resistance trait.

scholarly journals Studies on Root System Formation in Leguminous Crop Plants : 5. On the root system of peanut plants

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki TANAKA ◽  
Yoshihiro FUJII ◽  
Masuo SOEJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
System Formation ◽  
Leguminous Crop

Morphological and biochemical characteristics of underground organs in various perennial species of sunflower

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root System ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Underground Part ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Secondary Roots

The Sunflower (Helianthus) genus belongs to the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) and includes more than 100 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants. Cultivated sunflower is the most famous representative of the Sunflower genus. The south-western part of North America is considered the birthplace of sunflower, where wild species are growing now. The sunflower is rich in a variety of organic and mineral substances. The content of these substances depends on the organ of the plant. Wild sunflower species, both annual and perennial, have long been involved in various breeding programs, being sources of abiotic and biotic resistance genes. The presence of the pool of useful genes in the wild species is obviously explained by the severity of their natural habitat, which has concentrated various complexes of adaptive traits in them. Wild species of sunflower can be not only sources of valuable genes for cultivated sunflower, but also have their own interest because of the high content of substances useful to humans in their organs. It is known about the high content of such biologically active substance as inulin in Helianthus tuberosus L. This wild sunflower species is considered one of the main sources of inulin among higher plants. However, data on the content of this reserve substance in the underground organs of other species of perennial sunflower are not known in the scientific literature. The aim of the work was to study the morphological and biochemical characteristics of underground organs of 6 species of perennial sunflower, including the content of such a reserve substance as inulin. As the study material the species of perennial sunflower Helianthus maximiliani, H. mollis, H. nuttallii, H. rigidus, H. salicifolius, H. tuberosus, growing on the experimental plot of the department of landscape industry and genetics of the Biological faculty of Zaporozhye National University, were used. Underground organs of these species were collected at the end of October 2017. To determine the content of organic matter, ashing was carried. The content of inulin was determined by the difference between the sum of monosaccharides and free monosaccharides determined according to Bertrand with modifications. Repetition in both experiments is threefold. We investigated the morphological features of the underground part of the source material. In the plants of H. salicifolius, the underground part was represented by a woody rhizome. There was a thick strong main root. The root system had a large number of secondary roots. Part of the lateral roots was initially located almost parallel to the soil surface, and at a distance from the main root, it deepened and went perpendicular to the soil surface, giving branches from the following orders. H. mollis plants had a branched rhizome with a small number of secondary roots. Almost all lateral roots were located parallel to the soil surface. In H. rigidus plants, the underground part was represented by a branched rhizome with thick roots. There was a large number of lateral roots. Part of the lateral roots spread in the soil layer with a bend inward, branching and forming a dense grid of small roots. H. nuttallii plants had a branchy lignified rhizome with a small number of lateral roots. There was a thick and strong main root. Almost all lateral roots were perpendicular to the soil surface. H. maximiliani plants had a woody rhizome with a thick and strong main root. The root system had a large number of secondary roots. Part of the lateral roots spread in the soil layer, forming a dense grid of small roots. H. tuberosus plants were characterized by a branched rhizome. The root system is powerful, the roots penetrate deep into the ground. The main part of the underground stems (stolons) is located at a depth of 20-25 cm, where numerous tubers with bulging buds are formed. It was established that the underground part of Helianthus salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. tuberosus had the greatest mass. The underground part of H. mollis and H. nuttallii was 3-4 times smaller in mass compared to the above-mentioned species. It was established that the species differed significantly in the content of organic substances in the underground organs. The largest proportion of organic matter was found in the underground organs of H. tuberosus species plants (77.50%). H. nuttallii and H. rigidus had 10–15% less organic matter in their underground cells than H. tuberosus. The smallest amount of these substances was contained in H. mollis, H. maximiliani and H. salicifolius. In their underground organs, organic matter was almost a third less than that of H. tuberosus. The biochemical studies performed showed that the largest number of monosaccharides was found in the underground organs of H. tuberosus and H. nuttallii, and a little less in H. rigidus. H. salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. mollis had almost half of them. Each species was also characterized by a different proportion of free sugars. Most of them were in H. rigidus. H. mollis, H. nuttallii and H. salicifolius had a high proportion of free monosaccharides. And the smallest number of free monosaccharides was found in H. tuberosus and H. maximiliani, which was 6-7 times lower than H. rigidus. Based on the difference between all monosaccharides detected and free monosaccharides, the largest amount of inulin (about 9%) was found, as expected, in H. tuberosus. Close in terms of the amount of inulin to H. tuberosus was the wild species H. nuttallii (about 8%). H. rigidus had significantly less (no more than 6%) of this reserve substance. Wild species of H. salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. mollis in their underground organs contained only 3-4% of inulin.

Influence of crop-caring system on the productivity of safflower varieties at herbicide-free and herbicide backgrounds

2018 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root System ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Underground Part ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Secondary Roots

The Sunflower (Helianthus) genus belongs to the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) and includes more than 100 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants. Cultivated sunflower is the most famous representative of the Sunflower genus. The south-western part of North America is considered the birthplace of sunflower, where wild species are growing now. The sunflower is rich in a variety of organic and mineral substances. The content of these substances depends on the organ of the plant. Wild sunflower species, both annual and perennial, have long been involved in various breeding programs, being sources of abiotic and biotic resistance genes. The presence of the pool of useful genes in the wild species is obviously explained by the severity of their natural habitat, which has concentrated various complexes of adaptive traits in them. Wild species of sunflower can be not only sources of valuable genes for cultivated sunflower, but also have their own interest because of the high content of substances useful to humans in their organs. It is known about the high content of such biologically active substance as inulin in Helianthus tuberosus L. This wild sunflower species is considered one of the main sources of inulin among higher plants. However, data on the content of this reserve substance in the underground organs of other species of perennial sunflower are not known in the scientific literature. The aim of the work was to study the morphological and biochemical characteristics of underground organs of 6 species of perennial sunflower, including the content of such a reserve substance as inulin. As the study material the species of perennial sunflower Helianthus maximiliani, H. mollis, H. nuttallii, H. rigidus, H. salicifolius, H. tuberosus, growing on the experimental plot of the department of landscape industry and genetics of the Biological faculty of Zaporozhye National University, were used. Underground organs of these species were collected at the end of October 2017. To determine the content of organic matter, ashing was carried. The content of inulin was determined by the difference between the sum of monosaccharides and free monosaccharides determined according to Bertrand with modifications. Repetition in both experiments is threefold. We investigated the morphological features of the underground part of the source material. In the plants of H. salicifolius, the underground part was represented by a woody rhizome. There was a thick strong main root. The root system had a large number of secondary roots. Part of the lateral roots was initially located almost parallel to the soil surface, and at a distance from the main root, it deepened and went perpendicular to the soil surface, giving branches from the following orders. H. mollis plants had a branched rhizome with a small number of secondary roots. Almost all lateral roots were located parallel to the soil surface. In H. rigidus plants, the underground part was represented by a branched rhizome with thick roots. There was a large number of lateral roots. Part of the lateral roots spread in the soil layer with a bend inward, branching and forming a dense grid of small roots. H. nuttallii plants had a branchy lignified rhizome with a small number of lateral roots. There was a thick and strong main root. Almost all lateral roots were perpendicular to the soil surface. H. maximiliani plants had a woody rhizome with a thick and strong main root. The root system had a large number of secondary roots. Part of the lateral roots spread in the soil layer, forming a dense grid of small roots. H. tuberosus plants were characterized by a branched rhizome. The root system is powerful, the roots penetrate deep into the ground. The main part of the underground stems (stolons) is located at a depth of 20-25 cm, where numerous tubers with bulging buds are formed. It was established that the underground part of Helianthus salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. tuberosus had the greatest mass. The underground part of H. mollis and H. nuttallii was 3-4 times smaller in mass compared to the above-mentioned species. It was established that the species differed significantly in the content of organic substances in the underground organs. The largest proportion of organic matter was found in the underground organs of H. tuberosus species plants (77.50%). H. nuttallii and H. rigidus had 10–15% less organic matter in their underground cells than H. tuberosus. The smallest amount of these substances was contained in H. mollis, H. maximiliani and H. salicifolius. In their underground organs, organic matter was almost a third less than that of H. tuberosus. The biochemical studies performed showed that the largest number of monosaccharides was found in the underground organs of H. tuberosus and H. nuttallii, and a little less in H. rigidus. H. salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. mollis had almost half of them. Each species was also characterized by a different proportion of free sugars. Most of them were in H. rigidus. H. mollis, H. nuttallii and H. salicifolius had a high proportion of free monosaccharides. And the smallest number of free monosaccharides was found in H. tuberosus and H. maximiliani, which was 6-7 times lower than H. rigidus. Based on the difference between all monosaccharides detected and free monosaccharides, the largest amount of inulin (about 9%) was found, as expected, in H. tuberosus. Close in terms of the amount of inulin to H. tuberosus was the wild species H. nuttallii (about 8%). H. rigidus had significantly less (no more than 6%) of this reserve substance. Wild species of H. salicifolius, H. maximiliani and H. mollis in their underground organs contained only 3-4% of inulin.

scholarly journals The impact of light and gravity on growth directions in a root system of Cucumis sativus L.

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Piotr Otręba
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Root System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Root

While each individual root responds to such environmental factors as light or gravity the question arises how these reactions subordinate to the whole root system, which is supposed to maintain its primary functions. Data presented here confirm that in cucumber the gravity and light modulate the growth direction of the lateral roots subunits of the system. Another important factor affecting behavior of lateral roots is an orientation of the main root. These facts all together suggest that the root system functions as an integrated entity, capable of adapting its architecture to changing environmental conditions. Its flexibility, based on unknown signaling network, guarantees optimal functioning of the system.

scholarly journals Phenotyping Root System Architecture of Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) Grown Under Salinity

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shady A. Mottaleb ◽  
Essam Darwish ◽  
Menna Mostafa ◽  
Gehan Safwat
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Gossypium Barbadense ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Main Root

Abstract Soil salinity causes an annual deep negative impact to the global agricultural economy. In this study, the effects of salinity on early seedling physiology of two Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) cultivars differing in their salinity tolerance were examined. Also the potential use of a low cost mini-rhizotron system to measure variation in root system architecture (RSA) traits existing in both cultivars was assessed. Salt tolerant cotton cultivar ‘Giza 90’ produced significantly higher root and shoot biomass, accumulated lower Na+/K+ ratio through a higher Na+ exclusion from both roots and leaves as well as synthesized higher proline contents compared to salt sensitive ‘Giza 45’ cultivar. Measuring RSA in mini-rhizotrons containing solid MS nutrient medium as substrate proved to be more precise and efficient than peat moss/sand mixture. We report superior values of main root growth rate, total root system size, main root length, higher number of lateral roots and average lateral root length in ‘Giza 90’ under salinity. Higher lateral root density and length together with higher root tissue tolerance of Na+ ions in ‘Giza 90’ give it an advantage to be used as donor genotype for desirable root traits to other elite cultivars.

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