Distribution of cutworms in vegetable crops, their harm and the effectiveness of insecticides tested against them

In this article, from the tunnels that infect the underground part of vegetable crops: turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Den.et Schiff), cut worm (A. exclamationis. L.), turn black-C (Xestia c-nigrum L.), wild turn (Euxoa agricola V.), gamma turn (Mamestra suasa Schiff.), tobacco turn (Agrotis obesa B.) and epsolon turn (A. ipsilon Rotl) encounter was detected. Underground cutworms damage to tomatoes is estimated at 6-10% in Navoi, Bukhara and Khorezm regions, 12-20% in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Surkhandarya, Jizzakh and Syrdarya regions, and 20% in other regions such as Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Andijan, Fergana and Namangan. Up to 31% of underground tunnels were found to be damaged. The damage of the aboveground part cutworms was determined by 18% in Navoi, 15% in Jizzakh, 15-18% in Bukhara and Khorezm regions, 12-15% in Sirdarya, Surkhondarya, Karakalpakstan, 25-30% in the remaining regions. Against worms of months in tomatoes, Deltasis, 2,5% concentration of emulsion (deltametrin), 50% concentration of emulsion in Kurarfon (Profenofos) and Torpedo Jet, 14% soluble powder (Indoxicarb+emamectin benzoate), 2,5% concentration of emulsion in Defentox (deltametrin), when their preparations were tested, 87-93% efficiency was achieved. Contraindications: the drug Kapito 9,3% suspension concentrate (Chlorantraniliprol) is used on the account of 0,45 l/ha to 89,5%, the drug Emafos 42% soluble powder (emamectin benzoate +chlorpyrifos) to 0,6 l/ha. When used on account of 91, 3%, Koragen, 200 soluble powder (chlorantraniliprol) preparation, when applied to 0,2 l/H, 91,6% efficiency was achieved

Optimizing Basement Construction Methods

The underground part of SSG TOWER includes 4 basements, 4 basements at a height of -13.2m. Combined with the construction of 3m deep foundation, therefore, the minimum excavation depth is required to -16.2m. Due to the construction work in residential area, relatively ground, with large excavation depth and geology of the interaction area (clay layer up to 30m), the options for using diaphragm wall with drilled piles Small area, Laser piles or solier piles to make retaining walls during construction do not have that feature, so the author chooses the option of using reinforced concrete barrette walls for retaining walls during construction and as tunnel walls for this project. The semi-topdown construction method was chosen to ensure safety during construction because the excavation depth of the work is quite large and the geology of this area is quite weak. This measure completely solves the strut system because using the floor structure of the building to support this system has high stability. Limiting the influence of settlement, cracking, and slippage to neighboring works a lot. Fast construction but in return for high technical requirements, high construction costs. Choose diaphragm wall thickness of 1.0m, base depth of 46.6m including standard barrete panels. The author uses 2D Plaxis simulation to calculate ground stability, stress and displacement, moment, and shear force generated in diaphragm wall during basement construction. The author analyzes using the optimization algorithm to compare and find the suitable solution.

Effects of water scarcity and salinity on the anatomy of the Tunisian table olive cultivar ‘Meski’

The table olive cultivar ‘Meski’ was subjected to two stresses related to water, scarcity, and salinity. Anatomical adaptations of leaves, stems and roots were studied and compared, to value the water use efficiency of the tree. Two stress levels were adopted corresponding to moderate and severe levels. Thus, the trees behaviour was influenced by the stress type and intensity. The aerial part of the trees showed more adaptation modes than the underground part. Under both stresses, plants have fortified the protection of the leaf tissues by developing upper envelope and multiplying the trichomes. Plants reinforced the support tissues by multiplying the collenchyma and sclereids, and have amplified the transport tissues by enhancing vascularity through multiplying the number of conductive vessels. However, different behaviours seemed to be specific to each stress such an enlargement of liber and reduction of wood in the drought stress and a restriction of liber and wood tissues in salt stress. Additionally, a retraction of the palisade parenchyma and an extension of the spongy parenchyma in drought stress inversely to salt stress were noted. In the treated stems and roots, development of stomata, suber, pericyclic fiber and liber, and a restriction of wood especially in severe stress were observed. The plants developed important changes in moderate stresses; however, in the severe, the plants seemed to be stressed, by presenting no significant changes relatively to the control.

Refinement of the seismicity of construction sites for high-rise buildings

The development of the construction of high-rise residential buildings requires a separate approach, depending on the engineering and geological conditions of the site for seismic microzoning. There are not only engineering sectors but also large premises that will serve as business offices and technical centers in the underground part of high-rise buildings. In this regard, the foundation of the building goes to great depth. The influence of soil conditions at the level of abutment of the buildings’ foundation can be determined with seismic microzoning. As a result, the task of clarifying the projected construction site in construction is currently relevant. It includes the refinement of the seismic intensity of the construction site during the construction of high-rise buildings, which are located in different multilayer soil types.

Antioxidant system response, mineral element uptake and safe utilization of Polygonatum sibiricum in cadmium-contaminated soil

Chinese herbal medicine is widely cultivated in Southwest China, where the soil cadmium (Cd) contamination of farmland is more serious than that in China as a whole. In this study, Polygonatum sibiricum was exposed to Cd at concentrations of e−1, e0, e2, and e4 mg/kg for 30, 60, and 90 days, and the physiological stress responses, Cd and mineral element uptake, antioxidant enzyme activities, and content changes of pharmaceutical ingredients (polysaccharides) were analyzed to decipher the feasibility of safe utilization in Cd-contaminated soil. The results show that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the aboveground part was always higher than that in the underground part. The underground part of Polygonatum sibiricum mobilizes nonenzymatic systems to facilitate the synthesis of polysaccharides (PCP1, PCP2) with antioxidant properties to cope with Cd stress. Mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn) significantly (p < 0.05) changed after 90 d of cultivation. In particular, the changes in the iron and zinc content were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the activities of SOD and POD. Soil Cd at e0 mg/kg can guarantee the safe production and utilization of Polygonatum sibiricum, and the stimulation of Cd promotes polysaccharide synthesis and biomass growth.

Development of methods for purification of individual biological active substances obtained from extracts of Hedysarum neglectum

Hedysarum neglectum is a forage plant. Xanthone glycoside - mangiferin is extracted from this plant and used for medicine "Alpizarin". In addition to substances of xanthone nature (mangiferin and isomangiferin) Hedysarum neglectum contains sugars, vitamins and provitamins, tannins; in the underground part it contains oligomeric catechins, isoflavonoids, butylphenols, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, carbohydrates, vitamin C. For selecting optimal schemes of fractionization of substances, it is necessary to resort to multi-stage schemes of group-wide (preliminary) isolation and preparative accumulation. In particular cases, it is necessary to take into account the presence of concomitant substances, as well as the effectiveness and selectivity of the sorption-chromatographic technologies used. According to the results of the studies, the use of silica gel and sefadex LH-20 for the isolation of a complex of flavonoids and gallic acid is the most effective method for the selection of the optimal variant of the preparative isolation of the total amount of BAS in mcg/ml. The results of the research allowed us to identify the target biologically active substances with a degree of extraction of at least 80%: - fractions of xanthones, flavonoids, gallic acid.

Monitoring after the conclusion of mining works

After mining works are completed and the mine is permanently closed, the holder of the mining rights must carry out monitoring in accordance with the applicable legislation and for the purpose of controlling the extraction area. This includes monitoring of the changes that have occurred during the process of mining, both on the surface and below it. This article presents an example of a monitoring program after the mining works are completed. The extraction of raw mineral material in an underground mine results in various impacts on the surface and underground space. The areas or segments of monitoring are divided into two parts in this article: The underground part includes monitoring of the geomechanical, climatic, and hydrogeological changes, while monitoring on the surface requires special attention to be paid to the stability conditions of the surface above old mine works and hydrogeological conditions in the area above the extraction or impact area. A practical example of the monitoring program that needs to be made when a mine closes is given in the article. The program covers areas, presents the ways and methods of measurement, as well as reporting of the measurements. The analysis procedure of already existing measurements, which need to be analyzed and included in the preparation of the monitoring program, is also presented.

Analysis of approaches to the organization of lightning protection and grounding systems according to PJSC "Transneft" standards and foreign standards

Совершенствование мер по защите объектов трубопроводного транспорта нефти и нефтепродуктов от опасного воздействия молний - актуальная научно-практическая задача во всем мире. На основании опыта разработки нормативных документов в области защиты резервуаров и резервуарных парков, других объектов от опасного воздействия молнии, а также практических результатов обследования систем молниезащиты и заземления проведено сравнение требований российских стандартов (в том числе отраслевых стандартов ПАО «Транснефть») и основных стандартов США и стран ЕС по проектированию и эксплуатации систем молниезащиты и заземления резервуарных парков. Установлено, что все стандарты одинаково трактуют назначение систем молниезащиты и заземления, предписывают проводить визуальные осмотры надземной части заземляющих устройств, измерения переходного сопротивления контактов и сопротивления заземляющих устройств, содержат обязательные требования по обеспечению безопасности персонала. В то же время выявлены принципиальные отличия стандартов в России и за рубежом, в том числе в объемах обследования подземной части заземляющих устройств, в использовании изолированных систем молниезащиты резервуаров, а также в применяемых уровнях защиты, методиках расчета зон защиты объектов, периодичности проведения обследований. Сделан вывод о том, что требования к проектированию систем молниезащиты и заземления на объектах ПАО «Транснефть» жестче, а состав работ по обследованию шире, чем установлено зарубежными стандартами. При этом обоснована актуальность данного подхода и его преимущества. Based on experience in the development of regulatory documents of tanks and tank farms, other facilities protection from the dangerous lightning effects, as well as the practical results of lightning protection and grounding system survey, a comparison was made between the requirements of Russian standards (including PJSC Transneft industry standards) and main US and EU standards on the design and operation of lightning protection and grounding systems for tank farms. It has been established that all standards treat the purpose of lightning protection and grounding systems in the same way, prescribe visual inspections of above-ground part of grounding devices, measurements of contact resistance and resistance of grounding devices, and contain mandatory requirements for ensuring personnel safety. At the same time, fundamental differences between Russian and foreign standards were revealed, including the scope of inspection of the underground part of grounding devices, in the use of isolated lightning protection systems for tanks, as well as the applied protection levels, methods for calculating protection zones, and the surveys frequency. It is concluded that design requirements for lightning protection and grounding systems at PJSC “Transneft” facilities are stricter, and scope of survey work is wider than established by foreign standards. At the same time, the relevance of this approach and its advantages are substantiated.

Potassium Improves Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants by Affecting Root Morphology, Root Exudates and Microbial Diversity

Potassium (K) reduces the deleterious effects of drought stress on plants. However, this mitigation has been studied mainly in the aboveground plant pathways, while the effect of K on root-soil interactions in the underground part is still underexplored. Here, we conducted the experiments to investigate how K enhances plant resistance and tolerance to drought by controlling rhizosphere processes. Three culture methods (sand, water, and soil) evaluated two rapeseed cultivars’ root morphology, root exudates, soil nutrients, and microbial community structure under different K supply levels and water conditions to construct a defensive network of the underground part. We found that K supply increased the root length and density and the organic acids secretion. The organic acids were significantly associated with the available potassium decomposition, in order of formic acid > malonic acid > lactic acid > oxalic acid > citric acid. However, the mitigation had the hormesis effect, as the appropriate range of K facilitated the morphological characteristic and physiological function of the root system with increases of supply levels, while the excessive input of K could hinder the plant growth. The positive effect of K-fertilizer on soil pH, available phosphorus and available potassium content, and microbial diversity index was more significant under the water stress. The rhizosphere nutrients and pH further promoted the microbial community development by the structural equation modeling, while the non-rhizosphere nutrients had an indirect negative effect on microbes. In short, K application could alleviate drought stress on the growth and development of plants by regulating the morphology and secretion of roots and soil ecosystems.

DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERGROUND SPACE AS A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS URBANIZATION OF CITIES

The article examines the study of the development of modernization and transformation of the urban environment. Some issues of underground space development in urban conditions are considered, the stages of evolution of underground urban planning are singled out and characterized. Examples of development and rational use of underground space are given and analyzed. The underground space is considered as a valuable renewable georesource of the metropolis, which can actively contribute to the sustainable development of the city. This should take into account a number of factors that affect the ecology of the underground environment, the state of the hydrogeological environment and existing buildings and structures. Overconcentration of population, infrastructure and industrial production leads to overload of the geoecological and hydrogeological environment. In domestic and foreign practice there is a tendency to combine trade and household enterprises, entertainment, cultural, educational, administrative and sports institutions, transport facilities in large complexes with an underground part. The main meaning of the development of underground space - saving surface area within the city. This method of reconstruction of urban spaces is used mainly in the areas of the most intensive traffic flows and intersections, in the areas of industrial nodes and areas of utility and warehousing.