Characteristic of morphological traits and biochemical indicators in Linum pubescens

The article describes the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters of a very little studied wild species Linum pubescens (downy flax). This representative of the genus Linum naturally grows in the eastern Mediterranean: Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Albania. There are brief references to it in the description of the flora of these regions. In Israel, on natural populations of L. pubescens, studies of dimorphic heterostyly, anatomical features of the flower, mechanisms of pollination and incompatibility were carried out. However, other signs, including economically valuable ones, are not described in him. We were the first to study the species ex-situ in a field bank. It was found that in the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine L. pubescens has a one-year development cycle, a height of 30 cm, 1.2 flowering stems, a bright pink flower with a diameter of 25 mm, a small slightly elongated box with a diameter of 2.7 mm, weight 1000 seeds is 0.6 g, and the leaf area is 218.9 mm2. Plants bloom in mid-July- September. Taking into account the rather large size, the bright color of the flower and the flowering period, we believe that the L. pubescens species has prospects of use as an ornamental flowering plant. In the resulting artificial population of L. pubescens, dimorphic heterostyly is clearly traced. Long and short pest morphs are clearly identified. L. pubescens seeds contain 24% protein and 35% oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil belongs to the "linum-type", like most other types of flax. With a low content of saturated acids (palmitic 6.7% and stearic 2.8%) and a significant predominance of unsaturated acids, especially linolenic up to 64%. It was revealed that this species has a dense non-cracking capsule. This trait is unusual for other flax varieties. Most annual and perennial species are characterized by moderate to severe cracking. Cultivated flax has a non-cracking boll, but not a hard one that breaks easily. It was found that less organic matter and more ash elements accumulate in the capsules and seeds of L. pubescens than in other species of the genus Linum. Probably, this feature, together with non-cracking, helps to better preserve fruits in difficult natural conditions and preserves seed germination for a long time. According to A.A. Zhuchenko, plant genetic resources are divided into six groups. At this stage, L. pubescen is classified as a wild weed relative. It was proposed to include L. pubescens in breeding work to create ornamental varieties in order to transfer it to the improved germplasm group in the future.

Estimation of oil flax intra-species hybrids by breeding-genetic parameters for the creation of material with altered habitus

The creation of a selection material for oil flax with a large number of stems, side shoots and an optimal height for cultivation is an urgent task, since the formation of additional bolls on the side shoots will increase the yield of seeds, and an increase in the vegetative mass of plants will increase its competitiveness against weeds and reduce moisture evaporation. from the soil surface. The use of genetic and statistical parameters allows to efficiently plan and carry out breeding work for oil flax, purposefully select parental pairs in crosses, select valuable genotypes, and reject low-value material at the first stages of breeding. The purpose of this study is to identify promising interspecific hybrid combinations based on breeding and genetic parameters for creating a new breeding material for multi-stem and multi-shoot forms. The studies were carried out at the Institute of Oilseeds NAАS of Ukraine in 2018-2020. The material of the research was F1 and F2 hybrids obtained in a system of dialle crosses with the participation of two wild species (L. angustifolium and L. hispanicum) and three samples of cultivated flax – L 6 (India), M 32/2 (Ukraine), L 5 (Czech Republic). The degree of dominance of traits in hybrids of the first generation was determined by the formula (Beil, Atkins 1965). The degree of heterosis is according to the formula (Rasul et al 2002). The coefficient of heritability in hybrids of the second generation – according to the formula (Ayala 1984). As a result of the research, interspecific hybrid combinations have been identified that are promising for obtaining breeding material with a modified habit: – with the effect of heterosis: by plant height – seven combinations of F1 (Ht = 3,58-13,76%); the number of stems per plant – one (Ht = 35,77%); the number of side shoots is six (Ht = 5,68-43,79%). The most valuable are combinations in which the effect of heterosis manifested itself simultaneously on two grounds – the height of the plants and the number of lateral shoots on the plant – L. angustifolium / L 6, L 5 / L. angustifolium, L. hispanicum / L 6, L 6 / L. hispanicum; plant height and number of stems per plant – M 32/2 / L. hispanicum; – with high coefficients of heritability: by plant height – four combinations of F2 (H = 0,67-0,87); the number of stems per plant – six (H = 0,66-0,81); the number of side shoots is four (H = 0,66-0,72). Interspecific combinations of L. hispanicum / M 32/2 and M 32/2 / L. hispanicum were distinguished by high rates of heritability by two characteristics – the number of stems and the number of lateral shoots on the plant. The potential of the selected combinations will be used in the further breeding process for increased branching.

Precision separation process of sunflower seeds

According to the requirements for the technological processes of purification and separation of the seed mixture to obtain the sunflower seed material of the parent components (varietal purity – 98,0-99,9%) for all parts of the breeding and seed production process, a rational precision technological scheme of the separation processes has been developed, which includes automation of technical processes of separation means. In order to increase the efficiency of the sunflower breeding and seed-growing process, a device for automatic seed phenotyping has been added to the developed technological line, which can significantly intensify and shorten the breeding process and improve the design of the breeding program through bioinformatic data analysis and seed sorting. Functional dependencies are established and methods of automated control of precision mechanized process of seed separation are developed on the basis of coordination of its mode and technological parameters. Tape device for automatic phenotyping of sunflower seed material according to its morphological and marker features have been developed. The device are configured for high accuracy of individual measurement of the geometric dimensions of sunflower seeds with determination of their shape and color and provide low complexity and high technological implementation of the phenotyping process (determination, identification and separation) of seeds.

Variation of morphological indicators of three-line hybrids sunflower and their parental forms

The article presents the results of three-year (2016–2018) studies of five three-line hybrids of the IMC selection - Agent, Agronomichny, Marshal, Kamenyar, Zaporozhskij 28 and their parent components - simple unreduced hybrids - ZL22A/102B, ZL42A/46B, ZL42A/58B and pollen fertility restorers – ZL512V, ZL678V and ZL7034V. It was found that individual indicators do not change synchronously. The Agent, Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids had the highest plant height in 2016, one each in 2017 – Agronomichny and in 2018 – Zaporozhskij 28. At the same time, three hybrids (Agent, Agronomical, Marshal) had the largest basket diameter in 2018 and two (Zaporozhskij 28, Kamenyar) in 2017. The shortest growing season hybrids Marshal, Zaporozhskij 28 and Kamenyar had in 2016 (90, 105 and 105 days), and two – Agent and Agronomichny in 2018 – 100 and 103 days, respectively. Among the simple unrecovered hybrids, two – ZL42A/46B and ZL42A/58B had high indicators of plant height, basket diameter and duration of the growing season in 2016. In the ZL22A/102B hybrid, the diameter of the basket was also the largest in 2016 (18.5 cm), the average plant height in 2016 – 124.5 cm was slightly lower than in 2018 (125.4 cm), also in these years in it almost coincided with the duration of the growing season – 97 days in 2016 and 96 in 2018 Fertility restorers had the highest indicators of plant height and basket diameter in 2017, also this year they had the shortest growing season, in 2016, on the contrary, they had the lowest height and the diameter of the basket, and the long growing season. The size of the baskets in the Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids correlates with the moisture supply of plants and the hydrothermal coefficient – the correlation coefficients are 0.997, 0.902 and 0.990, 0.973, respectively. The phases of organogenesis of plants of hybrids Kamenyar and Zaporozhskij 28 are greatly influenced by temperature, the correlation coefficient of this indicator with plant height and with the duration of the growing season is 0.996 for Kamenyar and 0.946 for Zaporozhskij 28, and with a hydrothermal coefficient – 0.939 and 0.753. In the Agent hybrid, the temperatures in June have the greatest influence on plant growth - the correlation coefficient is 0.997 and precipitation in May is 0.968, and the temperatures in May - 0.999 and June - 0.998 on the size of the basket. For the height of plants and the duration of the growing season at Agronomichny, moisture availability at the beginning of the growing season is very important, the correlation coefficients are 0.918 and 0.994, and in August during the filling of seeds 0.996 and 0.927, as well as July precipitation is 0.995. Of the simple unrecovered hybrids, the most demanding for heat is ZL22A/102B - the correlation coefficients are 0.941 with plant height and vegetation duration, 0.843 with the basket size. For ZL42A/58B, the most important are the May precipitation, their correlation with the vegetation duration of 1,000 and the basket diameter of 0.987, and the July temperatures - 0.999 and 0.993, respectively. Among the pollen fertility restorers, the line ZL512V turned out to be the most demanding to weather conditions. For plant growth, the temperatures of April (0.906), May (0.995) and June (1.000) are very important, for the duration of the growing season respectively – 0.958, 0.971 and 0.991, and for the size of the basket, precipitation in May (0.956) and July temperatures (0.943). The correlation coefficient with the sum of active temperatures is – 0.829 for plant height – 0.851 for basket diameter – 0.902 for the growing season.

Development of the intellectual property service in Ukraine on the example of the Institute of oilseed crops of the NAAS

The history of development of industrial property of Ukraine, objects of intellectual property and relations which arise at their creation and use are considered. The main results of scientific research on the creation of intellectual property of the Institute of Oilseed Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (hereinafter IOC NAAS) are highlighted and analyzed. The research was conducted as part of the ongoing monitoring of intellectual property legislation on the legal protection of research results of the IOC NAAS and as part of marketing and patent research to position the institution as an originator of oilseeds. The purpose of the research is to investigate changes in the legislation on industrial property of Ukraine, intellectual property objects and relations that arise during their creation and use, to analyze the main results of scientific research on the creation of intellectual property objects of IOC NAAS (2001–2020). In the process of research, for a detailed study of the stages of the formation of patent legislation, legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine were used concerning the regulation of intellectual activity and intellectual property, materials from professional periodicals, articles and abstracts published in scientific collections and materials of scientific and practical conferences, Internet resources, monographs and printed works of scientists, manuals, patents and inventions for useful models of the IOC NAAS. Research methods – quantitative, qualitative and comparative analysis. Methodology – according to the algorithm of constant monitoring and conducting patent and marketing research. The term "intellectual property" was first used in the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), adopted in Stockholm on July 14, 1967, and since then the term has been used in international conventions and legislation in many countries. The day of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Property» in 1991 is considered to be the beginning of the formation of the legislation of Ukraine on intellectual property. This law for the first time recognized the results of intellectual activity as objects of property rights. At present, ensuring the implementation of state policy in the field of protection of rights to inventions and utility models in Ukraine is provided by the Ukrainian Institute of Intellectual Property (Ukrpatent) and belongs to the Ministry of Economic Development of Ukraine. IOC NAAS – a leading scientific institution in genetics, biotechnology, breeding and cultivation of basic and niche oilseeds, which focuses on the development of theoretical foundations of breeding, creation of modern breeding material, development of optimal agricultural techniques for its cultivation, organization of primary and industrial seed production, for the development and improvement of technical means and machines for separation, purification and waste-free processing of oilseeds. During the existence of the IOC NAAS, scientists have created 87 objects of patent law. The novelty and originality of scientific developments are confirmed by patents for inventions and utility models. At the time of writing, the Institute supports 23 patents.

Simulation of the process stripping harvester for the collection of oilseed flax seeds

The article presents the main results of research on the development of a physical and mathematical model of the technological process of collecting flax seeds with a combing header and the justification of the range of its operating parameters based on software simulation and numerical modeling. The process of harvesting agricultural crops, including oil flax, is an important technological operation of their production in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The positive dynamics of the growth of oil flax production, which is due to the growing demand for seeds in the domestic and foreign markets, requires the intensification of harvesting equipment technological processes. The main reasons for restraining the production of oil flax are the imperfection of the equipment for harvesting and the inconsistency of the quality indicators of work with the established requirements. One of the directions for solving this problem is the technology of harvesting by stripping plants on the standing. Timely harvesting of oil flax seeds in optimal agrotechnical terms (plant condition, weather conditions, weediness, etc.) with minimal losses and contamination of the heap is one of the important scientific tasks of improving harvesting technology. Improving the efficiency of collecting oil flax seeds and, as a result, improving the quality of products requires new approaches to the development and implementation of technical means in progressive technologies. As a result of numerical modeling of the separation process of a heap in a combing header with a curvilinear casing shape, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of its components, the dependences of the mass fraction of husk and stem particles leaving its area (an indicator of the quality of cleaning the heap from impurities) δh and the fraction of seeds and capsules leaving with seeds (seed loss index) δs from the rotation frequency of the beater-reflector n1 and the stripping drum n2, the position of the transparent zone of the boundary L and its width B. Solving the compromise problem, namely, maximizing the mass fraction of husk and stalk particles leaving the header area (quality indicator cleaning the heap from impurities) δh and minimizing the proportion of seeds and seed boxes leaving the header area (seed loss index) δs Obtained rational design and technological parameters of the combing type header with a curved casing: rotation frequency of the beater-reflector n1 = 782 rpm, combing drum rotation speed n2 = 671 rpm, transparent position zone of the boundaries L = 0.82 m and its width B = 0.45 m. In this case, the mass fraction of husk and stem particles leaving is δh = 42.4%, and the fraction of losses of seeds and capsules with seeds from the header area is in accordance with δs = 2.5%.

The effect of chemical mutagens on the characteristics of plants Nigella damascena L. variety Bereginya in M1 generation

We studied the effect of chemical mutagens EMS, NMU and a new mutagen DG-2 on the traits of Nigella damascena L. variety Bereginya in the generation M1. It was found that the treatment of love-in-a-mist seeds with these substances changed such characteristics as plant survival, plant height, and the number of seeds per plant. The greatest influence on these indicators was exerted by nitrosomethylurea. In our study, all chemical mutagens led to a decrease in plant survival and mainly caused plant oppression. In all treatments, a decrease in the total plant height was revealed in comparison with the control. In some cases the number of seeds per plant has decreased. The tested mutagens caused the appearance of morphoses in plants with a frequency of 3.87% to 0.48%, characterized by a change in color and shape of the leaves and the plant dwarfism. The appearance of plants with altered characteristics in the M1 generation assumes hereditary mutations of a different nature in the subsequent generations.

Formation of oil flax yields when using biological drugs in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine

It is noted that flax oil is a promising object in the system of biology of agricultural production, since it has a positive effect on the state of agrophytocoenosis and has a wide nutritional medical and cosmetic application. Production of oilseeds for food and medical purposes should be based on the use of biological preparations of abbrevy, protective and growth of regulatory action. The use of biological preparations on flax crops can improve plant nutrition, provide high-quality protection and contributes to the stability of agrocenoses affected by intensive chemicalization. Modern biological poly functional preparations provide phytohormonal regulation of basic physiological processes in plant organisms and contribute to adaptation to adverse environmental factors such as drought and thermal stress. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of biological preparations on the formation of indicators of oil flax productivity for seed treatment and soliloin feeding of crops during the growing season. The research was carried out on dark chestnut heavy loamy soils in the indigestable crop rotation of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. The object of research is microbiological preparations Ecophosforin, Binok TK, Asphosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel, which were used in accordance with the regulations. The experiment used the vera variety, which was grown in compliance with zonal technology. In accordance with the recommendations, biological preparations were used by pre-sowing treatment of seeds on the eve of sowing and spraying plants in the "Christmas tree" phase with a hand sprayer. It has been proved that the use of drugs, improving the nutritional and vital activity of plants, increased the number of boxes and seeds formed by one plant. The use of drugs Ecophosforin and Bio-gel has shown the greatest positive effect on the formation of elements of oil flax productivity compared to control and other options. The average seed weight from one plant was the highest with the double use of organic fertilizer Bio-gel (0.37 g), as well as in the treatment of seeds ecophosforin (0.35 g) and Bio-gel (0.36 g). Treatment of seeds with microbiological preparation Ecophosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel increases yield by 0.22 and 0.35 t /ha. Microbiological drug Azotophosforin should be used for processing seeds and crops in the "Christmas tree" phase, which ensures an increase in the yield of oil flax by 0.21 t / ha. The highest yield of seeds was provided by the treatment of seeds with organic fertilizer Bio-gel 0.99 t / ha among microbiological preparations Ecophosforin 0.86 t / ha.

A comprehensive approach to modern aspects in sunflower selection

According to scientists of the NAAS network, the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids of Ukrainian selection is used in production by no more than 30%. Due to the reduction of the rotation period in crop rotation, crop losses from diseases increased from 10-15% to 35%, and in some favorable years for the development of diseases, losses only from rot are 70% or more. Phytopathological studies were performed on a stationary artificial infectious background of the Institute of Oilseeds NAAS during 2017-2020. We studied the biological resistance to major fungal diseases of new promising lines and hybrids of sunflower breeding institutions of NAAS (Institute of Plant Breeding Yur`eva). Synthetic artificial infectious background was formed during 16 years with forced introduction of infection during sowing of selection genotypes of sunflower. To assess the resistance of sunflower varieties to dry rot and embelization, the infectious background began to be created in 2012. Infectious material was developed in the immunity laboratory of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS by increasing pure cultures by the method of V.Y. White Assessment of resistance of sunflower to a number of diseases in the field was carried out according to the method of VP Mistletoe. Sowing was carried out with a seeding rate of 55 thousand / ha. According to the results of field and laboratory studies, sunflower lines and hybrids were identified, which were characterized by the duration of the growing season of the phase "seedlings-physiological maturity" in hybrids 95-110 days, in lines 85-105 days. The selected linear samples had a yield higher than the linear standard (ZL42 with a yield of 0.97 t/ha), and the studied sterile lines had a yield from 1.76 (+0.79) to 1.96 (+0.99) t/ha. Pollen fertility restorer lines had a yield at the level of 0.36 (-0.05) - 0.55 (+0.14) t/ha, when forming the yield of the control line ZL260V - 0.41 t / ha. Created hybrids based on these lines (parental components) formed a yield: Firstborn 3.34 t / ha, Tour - 3.80 t / ha, which is higher than the control hybrid Darius from 0.4 to 0.86 t / ha, respectively. The weight of 1000 seeds of sterile analogues varied in the range of 55.2 g - 56.4 g. In the lines of pollen fertility restorers in the range of 29.4-35.0 g. In the presented hybrids, the average weight of 1000 seeds was in the range of 57.0-60,1 g, while the standard Darius formed a mass of 1000 seeds within 49.0 g. The selected samples had a high percentage of fat accumulation in the seeds. This figure ranged from 49.76 (ZL96A) to 51.12% (ZL72A) among sterile analogues, while the standard sample ZL42A had an oil content of 49.26%. New selected sunflower hybrids were marked by fat content in seeds at the level of 51.88 (Prize) and 52.12% (Firstborn), while the hybrid - standard Darius also had a fairly high level of oil content, namely 48.13%. The presented lines and their hybrid combinations for the study period (2017-2020) combined relatively high resistance to powdery mildew, dry rot, embelisation and high economic performance. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment, a number of hybrids were identified. Among them are Tour, Prize and Firstborn. With such indicators, the presented hybrids are able to compete with dignity in the sunflower seed market.

Soil biological activity of short rotation crop at the maximum saturation with sunflower

In the field stationary experiment, the dynamics of the general biological activity of chernozem, depending on the biomass of plant residues, maximum saturation with sunflower, methods of the basic soil tillage under different hydrothermal conditions was studied. The issue of arable layer differentiation at different methods of the basic soil tillage in the crop rotation on fertility and biological activity and dynamics of these parameters depending on the intensity of mechanical action on the soil and the cycle of organic matter is a very important aspect for the theoretical study of innovative soil protecting technologies of growing of field crops. The research was carried out at the State Enterprise "Experimental Farm of Dnipro" of the State Institution of the Institute of Grain Cultures of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the stationary field experiment of laboratory of the crop rotation and environmental protection systems of soil tillage in five-year crop rotation: peas - winter wheat - sunflower - barley spring - corn according to generally accepted techniques of experimental work, during 2010-2019. The soil of the experimental site is common chernozem heavy-clayey loam with content in the arable layer: humus – 4.2%, nitrate nitrogen – 13.2 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds, respectively 145 and 115 mg / kg. According to the results of the research, the minimization of soil tillage causes the significant changes in the differentiation of the arable layer (0-30 cm) relative to the positional disposition of nutrients, the concentration of potential humus substances in the aerobic zone and the intensification of microbiological activity, as evidenced by the volumes of carbon dioxide releases. The largest organic mass in crop rotation naturally left itself corn, and the minimum - barley spring and sunflower. Substantial redistribution of the projective coverage of the surface of the field with plant residues and their mixing with the soil in the profile of the arable layer was carried out by various methods and systems of basic soil tillage. For example, after harvesting of corn and carrying out of soil tillage on the surface of the field, the minimum number of plant residues remains for the moldboard soil tillage system - 0.61 t/ha. The intermediate position was occupied by the differentiated (discing) cultivation system – 3.12 t/ha, and the maximum amount of vegetative substrate was logically marked for zero soil tillage – 4.34 t/ha. The intensity of the decomposition of organic matter in the soil is a heterogeneous process, which primarily depends on the determining factors - moisture, temperature and aeration level of the treated layer of chernozem. The intensity of the processes of breathing of soil microorganisms makes it possible to estimate the total biological activity of the soil, which is based on the amount of carbon dioxide released, depending on the different methods of soil tillage per unit area of the field surface. As our studies have shown, the biological activity of the soil depended on the phases of development of plants of field crops and had a sufficiently wide amplitude of variation. Thus, as an example of the mouldboard plowing, it is evident that insufficient soil warming at normal humidification at the time of corn sowing has led to the decrease in biological activity to 35.0 mg CO2/kg of soil/day. The maximum intensity of soil respiration (49.2 mg СО2 /kg of soil /day) occurred at 30 days after sunflower sowing, when the optimal combination of temperature and humidity of the soil was noted. Similar regularities and tendencies in the release of СО2 from the soil during certain phases of sunflower development are also noted for differentiated and zero cultivation systems, but with somewhat lower overall CO2 release, respectively, by 0.3-5.3 mg СО2/kg ha/day (10-12%) and 5.5-7.2 mg СО2/kg ha/day (12-22%) compared to the mouldboard soil tillage system. Generally, this tendency took place both in the maximum and at the minimum amplitude of the activity of respiration processes, that is, the indicators of the general biological activity of the soil were higher in the background of plowing and prevailed other systems of mechanical cultivation of chernozem (differentiated, zero system). Thus, the biological activity of the soil is the derived indicator, which depends on the features of the technology of growing of cultures in the crop rotations, the presence of organic matter of plant residues in the chernozem, the level of compaction of arable layer and the methods of basic soil tillage. The use of deep plowing due to the creation of favorable conditions for the expansion of the root system of crops with sufficient aeration and moisture absorbtion properties provides maximum biological activity under all crops of crop rotation, decomposition of residues and intensive mineralization processes. However, methods of unploughed treatment of the soil contributed to increasing the antierosion stability of the surface of chernozem from the shock energy of rain drops, as well as providing more favorable conditions for the humification of organic residues instead of undesirable intensive mineralization.