Using a mixed-effects model for 21 Eastern Box Turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina (L., 1758)) over three winters in Maryland, USA, we demonstrate that overwintering-site temperature was mainly related to air temperature. After controlling for air temperature, between-year variation accounted for 7%, between-turtle variation accounted for 3%, and variation owing to age class accounted for 1% of the total variation in overwintering-site temperature. Turtles showed overwintering-site fidelity and the location of overwintering sites did not depend on sex or age. According to the developed function, air temperature would have to increase by 3 °C over the overwintering period to raise the temperature of overwintering sites by about 1 °C, assuming no changes in other environmental factors; this level of warming is not expected until 2070–2090 according to general climate circulation models.
Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge