PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYPOGLYCAEMIC PEPTIDE FROM OX GROWTH HORMONE

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. HUGGINS ◽  
J. H. OTTAWAY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
Lactate Output ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

SUMMARY A peptide has been isolated from crystalline ox growth hormone (GH) which stimulates glucose uptake by isolated rat diaphragm when incubated with it at low concentrations (0·01 μg./ml. medium). The peptide also causes a slight but persistent hypoglycaemia in fasted mice and rabbits. The increase in glucose uptake by diaphragm is not accompanied by increased glycogen synthesis; in certain circumstances it causes a diminution in lactate output. When incubated with normal rat diaphragm in the absence of acetate, very high concentrations (10 μg./ml.) cause an inhibition of glucose uptake. The peptide appears to have negligible effects on fat metabolism. The peptide has a mol. wt. of 5,000–10,000, an isoelectric point of about pH 6, and an N-terminal methionine. The amino acid composition is noteworthy for the complete absence of basic amino acids. It is concluded that ox GH freed from this peptide will stimulate glycogen synthesis by muscle without increasing the uptake of glucose.

PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE AND THE GLUCOSE UTILIZATION OF RAT DIAPHRAGM

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. OTTAWAY ◽  
R. D. BULBROOK
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Pituitary Growth Hormone ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY Growth hormone has been reported to cause either a depression or a stimulation of the glucose uptake of isolated rat diaphragm. The present paper describes further work on the two effects. 1. Anaerobic conditions during the preparation of the diaphragm for incubation affect the glucose uptake and alter the response of the muscle to growth hormone. By controlling the oxygen tension in the diaphragm immediately after excision, variation of the glucose uptake and the effect of the hormone is reduced. 2. Solutions of growth hormone were found to be extremely labile, but, by rigidly standardizing the method of preparing solutions, consistent results were obtained. 3. The relationship between the concentration of growth hormone and its effect on the glucose uptake of isolated diaphragm was investigated separately for muscle saturated with oxygen and with nitrogen. With oxygenated muscle at high concentrations the hormone stimulates, and at low concentrations depresses, the rate of glucose uptake. 4. The mode of action of growth hormone in vitro and in vivo is discussed.

THE INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM ION UPON GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 687-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Glycogen Breakdown ◽  
Isolated Rat

The amounts of glucose taken from a medium, and the amounts of glycogen synthesized, by rat hemidiaphragms were studied under various conditions. High concentrations of potassium ion inhibited the glucose uptake and there was also a reduced net glycogen synthesis. Glycogen breakdown was probably not increased by high potassium ion concentration. The effect of potassium was most marked when conditions were such that one would ordinarily expect a considerable glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis. The action of insulin was not peculiarly susceptible to potassium ion inhibition.

THE INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM ION UPON GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Glycogen Breakdown ◽  
Isolated Rat

The amounts of glucose taken from a medium, and the amounts of glycogen synthesized, by rat hemidiaphragms were studied under various conditions. High concentrations of potassium ion inhibited the glucose uptake and there was also a reduced net glycogen synthesis. Glycogen breakdown was probably not increased by high potassium ion concentration. The effect of potassium was most marked when conditions were such that one would ordinarily expect a considerable glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis. The action of insulin was not peculiarly susceptible to potassium ion inhibition.

THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND KETONE BODIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN DIAPHRAGM FROM NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. OTTAWAY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Lactate Output ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Lactate Formation ◽  
Normal Diaphragm

SUMMARY The disposition of carbohydrate in isolated diaphragm from normal and hypophysectomized rats has been studied, after addition of acetate, acetoacetate or β-hydroxybutyrate ± ox growth hormone (GH) to the incubation medium in which glucose was always present. 1. In normal diaphragm acetoacetate alone depressed glucose uptake by about 20%, without inhibiting glycogen synthesis. There was a considerable inhibition of pyruvate formation. This effect was not seen in diaphragm from hypophysectomized rats. 2. Acetate alone inhibited glycogen synthesis in diaphragm from normal, but not hypophysectomized, rats. 3. β-Hydroxybutyrate alone inhibited pyruvate formation in diaphragm from hypophysectomized, but not normal, rats. 4. With normal diaphragm the addition of GH to the medium (1 μg/ml.) produced only slight changes in carbohydrate metabolism, although there was a significant stimulation of glucose uptake when acetate was present. With diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals GH at this concentration caused a striking increase in glucose uptake, accompanied by increased glycogen synthesis (insulin-like effect). In the absence of substrate other than glucose GH increased lactate output; in the presence of acetate, GH inhibited lactate formation. 5. Hypophysectomy did not affect the rate of uptake of acetoacetate, but the uptake of acetate was markedly increased. 6. In confirmation of previous work GH did not affect the uptake of acetoacetate by diaphragm from either normal or hypophysectomized rats.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM

1952 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Park ◽  
David H. Brown ◽  
Marvin. Cornblath ◽  
William H. Daughaday ◽  
M.E. Krahl
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Isolated Rat

scholarly journals Detection of endotoxins with the Limulus test in burned and unburned mice infected with different species of gramnegative bacteria

1975 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Jones ◽  
E. A. Roe ◽  
R. E. Dyster
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High ◽  
Limulus Test

SUMMARYThe Limulus test detected endotoxins in the plasma of burned and unburned mice infected with different species of gram-negative bacteria. Individual strains of different species of gram-negative bacteria produced different amounts of endotoxin in the plasma of infected mice. Plasma from mice given lethal infections showed very high concentrations of endotoxin. Low concentrations of endotoxin in the plasma were tolerated by mice but high concentrations were invariably fatal. A polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine reduced endotoxin in the plasma of mice given lethal infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Serum factor in fasted rats inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism in the isolated diaphragm

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Berman ◽  
E. Wertheimer
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Serum Factor ◽  
Inhibitory Factors ◽  
Fasted Rats ◽  
Isolated Rat

A factor has been found in the serum of fasted rats which inhibits glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in the isolated rat diaphragm. It does not affect CO2 production or O2 uptake. It is nondialyzable, stable in the cold and also stable when heated to 58°C for 1 hour. It was found in Cohn fraction IV-V. Its action did not resemble any of the known hormones, nor could it be identified as one of the inhibitory factors found in diabetic serum.

In vitro Effect of Growth Hormone on the Glucose Uptake of Isolated Rat Diaphragm

Nature ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 179 (4557) ◽  
pp. 472-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. RANDLE ◽  
J. E. WHITNEY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Isolated Rat

THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE AND OF CORTISOL ON THE RESPONSE OF ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM TO THE STIMULATING EFFECT OF INSULIN ON GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND ON INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEIN

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. MANCHESTER ◽  
P. J. RANDLE ◽  
F. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Pituitary Growth Hormone ◽  
Isolated Rat ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY 1. The effect of hypophysectomy, or of adrenalectomy, and injection of pituitary growth hormone (GH) or of cortisol, on the uptake of glucose and the incorporation of glycine into protein by isolated rat diaphragm, and the effect of the addition of insulin in vitro on these processes, has been studied. 2. Both hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy raised the uptake of glucose by isolated diaphragm, while treatment of the intact or of the hypophysectomized rat with GH, or of the intact or of the adrenalectomized rat with cortisol, depressed it. Although hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy did not influence the additional glucose uptake induced by 200 mu./ml. of insulin in vitro, both these operations enhanced the effect of 0·1–1·0 mu./ml. of insulin on glucose uptake by diaphragm in vitro. Treatment of the rat with GH or cortisol diminished the rise in glucose uptake of diaphragm induced by 0·1–1·0 mu./ml. insulin. 3. Hypophysectomy depressed, and administration of GH to the intact or hypophysectomized rat raised, the incorporation of glycine into protein of the isolated diaphragm, but neither of these operations altered the magnitude of the stimulation of incorporation induced by 1·0 mu./ml. insulin. 4. Adrenalectomy raised, and administration of cortisol to the intact or adrenalectomized rat depressed, the incorporation of glycine into protein of the isolated diaphragm; adrenalectomy enhanced, the injection of cortisol diminished, the effect of 1·0 mu./ml. insulin on these processes. 5. The possibility that GH directs insulin towards the stimulation of protein synthesis, in part by restraining the action of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism, is discussed.

Copper, nickel, and thallium uptake by the lichen Cladina rangiferina

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. S. Burton ◽  
P. LeSueur ◽  
K. J. Puckett
Keyword(s):  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Nickel Uptake ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Uptake Studies ◽  
Cladina Rangiferina ◽  
Very High

Metal uptake studies with Cladina rangiferina showed that the affinity for nickel was much lower than for copper or thallium. Nickel uptake was not decreased by the absence of light or oxygen or by pretreatment with metabolic inhibitors. Nickel uptake was not temperature dependent but was very dependent upon pH.Cation-exchange studies demonstrated that there was a stoichiometric exchange of Ni2+ for Sr2+, and Cu2+ for Sr2+. The exchange of Tl+ for Sr2+ was not stoichiometric, excess Tl+ was accumulated in relation to the Sr2+ released. The ratio of Sr2+:Tl+ exchange increased with increasing Tl+ availability from 1:9 (12.5 μmol Tl+ available/g of lichen) to 1:2 (500 μmol Tl+ available). Acid-treated lichen gave the expected exchange ratio of 1:2. Washing of the thalli with deionized water resulted in the continued loss of Tl+ from acid-treated and live C. rangiferina. Copper and nickel were not released in this manner.Increasing concentrations of copper and thallium produced a corresponding loss of potassium from the thallus. The potassium loss was initiated at low concentrations of copper and thallium whereas very high concentrations of manganese and nickel were required to bring about the same response.

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