Reappraisal of the influence of mammary distension on the frequency of milk ejection in the rat
ABSTRACT Experiments were performed to reinvestigate the importance of mammary engorgement for activation of the milk-ejection reflex in the rat. Reflex milk ejection (measured by intramammary pressure recordings during a 2-h suckling test under anaesthesia) was compared in rats with engorged mammary glands (15-h separation from the pups, followed by sham-removal of milk) and in rats with drained mammary glands (15-h separation, followed by milk removal using a foster litter and exogenous oxytocin). In experiment 1, multiple small (2 mu.) doses of oxytocin were used for milk removal: these were effective in emptying the mammary glands and caused no subsequent impairment or change in sensitivity of the mammary response to oxytocin. Using this draining procedure, no significant differences were observed in either the number or relative amplitude of the milk ejections, or the occurrence of pup stretch reactions between engorged and drained rats. Similar results were seen in experiment 2, where an identical draining protocol was used, but the rats were pretreated with propranolol before the suckling test. In experiment 3, large (250 mu.) oxytocin doses were used for milk removal, as in previous studies. Again mammary draining had no effect on milk ejection in a subsequent suckling test (with propranolol pretreatment). However, the number of stretch reactions shown by the pups was significantly (P < 0·001) reduced from 8·6 ± 1·4/2 h to 1·9 ± 0·6/2 h. This effect probably related to long-term impairment of the oxytocin response of the mammary glands following the draining procedure, and could not be attributed to the draining per se. The dissociation of milk ejections and pup behavioural responses using this method of draining the glands explains previous reports, based on behavioural observations, that mammary draining profoundly disrupts milk ejection. It is concluded that mammary engorgement in fact has little influence on the activation of the milk-ejection reflex in the rat. J. Endocr. (1985) 105, 127–132