scholarly journals Unbounded phonological processes as Tier-based Strictly Local functions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Alexander Burness ◽  
Kevin James McMullin ◽  
Jane Chandlee
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Mathematical Objects ◽  
Local Functions ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Phonological Complexity

Whether we analyze phonological processes using a system of rules or constraints, the resulting map from underlying representations to surface pronunciations can be characterized as a function. Viewing processes as mathematical objects in this way allows us to study properties of phonology that hold no matter how it is implemented. Work in this vein has found that a majority of phonological processes only consider information within a finite window, placing them in the highly restrictive class of Strictly Local (SL) functions (Chandlee 2014; Chandlee et al. 2014;2015). Long-distance phonological processes, however, lie outside the capabilities of the SL functions since they consider information that can be arbitrarily distant. The more powerful class of subsequential functions has been offered as a potential upper bound on the complexity of long-distance phonology (Heinz and Lai 2013; Luo 2017; Payne 2017), but we will argue that an even tighter bound is possible. Specifically, by incorporating an autosegmental tier (e.g., Goldsmith 1976) into the structure of an SL function, the non-local information crucial for applying long-distance processes can be rendered local. In addition to assessing the typological coverage of these Tier-based Strictly Local (TSL) functions (Burness and McMullin 2019; Hao and Andersson 2019; Hao and Bowers 2019), we show that they fail to generate a number of pathological patterns that can be characterized as subsequential functions. We therefore conclude that the TSL functions are a better hypothesized upper bound on phonological complexity.

scholarly journals Non-Local and Multi-Scale Mechanisms for Image Inpainting

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3281
Author(s):  
Xu He ◽  
Yong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Markov Random Fields ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Image Inpainting ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Relationship Of

Recently, deep learning-based techniques have shown great power in image inpainting especially dealing with squared holes. However, they fail to generate plausible results inside the missing regions for irregular and large holes as there is a lack of understanding between missing regions and existing counterparts. To overcome this limitation, we combine two non-local mechanisms including a contextual attention module (CAM) and an implicit diversified Markov random fields (ID-MRF) loss with a multi-scale architecture which uses several dense fusion blocks (DFB) based on the dense combination of dilated convolution to guide the generative network to restore discontinuous and continuous large masked areas. To prevent color discrepancies and grid-like artifacts, we apply the ID-MRF loss to improve the visual appearance by comparing similarities of long-distance feature patches. To further capture the long-term relationship of different regions in large missing regions, we introduce the CAM. Although CAM has the ability to create plausible results via reconstructing refined features, it depends on initial predicted results. Hence, we employ the DFB to obtain larger and more effective receptive fields, which benefits to predict more precise and fine-grained information for CAM. Extensive experiments on two widely-used datasets demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches both in quantity and quality.

Kernel-Based Fuzzy Local Information Clustering Algorithm Self-integrating Non-Local Information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuyu Song ◽  
Chengmao Wu ◽  
Xiaoping Tian ◽  
Yue Song ◽  
Xiaokang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Integration Method ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Noise Removal ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Gaussian Kernel ◽  
Distance Metric ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Non Local

Abstract The application of fuzzy clustering algorithms in image segmentation is a hot research topic nowadays. Existing fuzzy clustering algorithms have the following three problems: (1)The parameters of spatial information constraints can$'$t be selected adaptively; (2)The image corrupted by high noise can$'$t be segmented effectively; (3)It is difficult to achieve a balance between noise removal and detail preservation. In the fuzzy clustering based on the optimization model, the choice of distance metric is very important. Since the use of Euclidean distance will lead to sensitivity to outliers and noise, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory segmentation results, which will affect the clustering performance. This paper proposes an optimization algorithm based on the kernel-based fuzzy local information clustering integrating non-local information (KFLNLI). The algorithm adopts a self-integration method to introduce local and non-local information of images, which solves the common problems of current clustering algorithm. Firstly, the self-integration method solves the problem of selecting spatial constraint parameters. The algorithm uses continuous self-learning iteration to calculate the weight coefficients; Secondly, the distance metric uses Gaussian kernel function to induce the distance to further enhance the robustness against noise and the adaptivity of processing different images; Finally, both local and non-local information are introduced to achieve a segmentation effect that can eliminate most of the noise and retain the original details of the image. Experimental results show that the algorithm is superior to existing state-of-the-art fuzzy clustering-related algorithm in the presence of high noise.

Relativized Locality: Phases and Tiers in Long-Distance Allomorphy in Armenian

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-83
Author(s):  
Hossep Dolatian ◽  
Peter Guekguezian
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Features ◽  
Formal Property ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Linguistic processes tend to respect locality constraints. In this paper, we analyze the distribution of conjugation classes in Armenian verbs. We analyze a type of Tense allomorphy which applies across these classes. On the surface, we show that this allomorphy is long-distance. Specifically, it is sensitive to the interaction of multiple morphemes that are neither linearly nor structurally adjacent. However, we argue that this allomorphy respects ‘relativized adjacency’ (Toosarvandani 2016) or tier-based locality (Aksënova, Graf, and Moradi 2016). While not surface-local, the interaction in Armenian verbs is local on a tier projected from morphological features. This formal property of tier-based locality is substantively manifested as phase-based locality in Armenian (cf. Marvin 2002). In addition to being well-studied computationally, tier-based locality allows us to capture superficially non-local morphological processes while respecting the cross-linguistic tendency of locality. We speculate that tier-based locality is a cross-linguistic tendency in long-distance allomorphy, while phase-based locality is not necessarily so.

Anaphor binding

2019 ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Small Clauses ◽  
Local Binding

Scandinavian has a reflexive pronoun and a reflexive possessive for the 3rd person, and a reciprocal pronoun for all persons. Regular binding domains are finite and non-finite clauses, small clauses, and noun phrases with a verbal content and a genitive ‘agent’. There are also less expected binding relations within NPs, possibly involving an invisible binder. Within VP an indirect object may bind a direct object. Even non-c-commanding binders within VP do exist. Non-local binding into small clauses and infinitival clauses is frequent. Some varieties, especially Norwegian, also allow long distance binding, i.e. binding into finite subordinate clauses. At this point, there is a great deal of variation in acceptability, and definite rules are hard to identify.

scholarly journals Cophonologies by Ph(r)ase

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Sande ◽  
Peter Jenks ◽  
Sharon Inkelas
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Syntactic Features

Abstract Phonological alternations are often specific to morphosyntactic context. For example, stress shift in English occurs in the presence of some suffixes, -al, but not others, -ing: "Equation missing", "Equation missing", "Equation missing". In some cases a phonological process applies only in words of certain lexical categories. Previous theories have stipulated that such morphosyntactically conditioned phonology is word-bounded. In this paper we present a number of long-distance morphologically conditioned phonological effects, cases where phonological processes within one word are conditioned by another word or the presence of a morpheme in another word. We provide a model, Cophonologies by Phase, which extends Cophonology Theory, intended to capture word-internal and lexically specified phonological alternations, to cyclically generated syntactic constituents. We show that Cophonologies by Phase makes better predictions about the long-distance morphologically conditioned phonological effects we find across languages than previous frameworks. Furthermore, Cophonologies by Phase derives such effects without requiring the phonological component to directly reference syntactic features or structure.

A typology of non-local reflexives in the Scandinavian languages

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania E. Strahan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Lexical Functional Grammar ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
Path Constraints ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Inside Out

The Scandinavian languages are very closely related but also vary syntactically in interesting ways, making this family useful in the study of typology variation. In this paper the issue of non-local reflexives, or ‘long-distance reflexives’ (LDR) is investigated. New LDR data from the Scandinavian languages is presented to show that the Binding Conditions cannot account for the variation in LDR in these languages, since the range of domains that LDR may or may not occur in in each variety varies non-hierarchically. For instance, LDR in Icelandic may be bound out of a finite complement clause but not out of a relative clause, while the reverse is true in most Norwegian dialects. Faroese allows LDR out of both clause types, but many dialects do not allow a second person pronoun to co-occur in a sentence containing LDR, which does not generally affect Icelandic or Norwegian LDR. An extension of Dalrymple's (1993) typology of anaphora, which is set within the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar, can account for this data, using a combination of inside-out and outside-in functional uncertainty equations, on- and off-path constraints and positive and negative constraints, all of which refer to elements (potentially) found in functional-structure.

scholarly journals Overhead for simulating a non-local channel with local channels by quasiprobability sampling

Quantum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Kosuke Mitarai ◽  
Keisuke Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computing ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Quantum Devices ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Locality

As the hardware technology for quantum computing advances, its possible applications are actively searched and developed. However, such applications still suffer from the noise on quantum devices, in particular when using two-qubit gates whose fidelity is relatively low. One way to overcome this difficulty is to substitute such non-local operations by local ones. Such substitution can be performed by decomposing a non-local channel into a linear combination of local channels and simulating the original channel with a quasiprobability-based method. In this work, we first define a quantity that we call channel robustness of non-locality, which quantifies the cost for the decomposition. While this quantity is challenging to calculate for a general non-local channel, we give an upper bound for a general two-qubit unitary channel by providing an explicit decomposition. The decomposition is obtained by generalizing our previous work whose application has been restricted to a certain form of two-qubit unitary. This work develops a framework for a resource reduction suitable for first-generation quantum devices.

scholarly journals Aggressive reduplication and dissimilation in Sundanese

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Statistical Trends

Most cases of long-distance consonant dissimilation can be characterized as local (occurring across a vowel) or unbounded (occurring at all distances). The only known exception is rhotic dissimilation in Sundanese (Cohn 1992; Bennett 2015a,b), which applies in certain non-local contexts only. Following a suggestion by Zuraw (2002:433), I show that the pattern can be analyzed in a co-occurrence-based framework (Suzuki 1998) by invoking two unbounded co-occurrence constraints, *[r]…[r] and *[l]…[l], whose effects in local contexts are obscured by a drive for identity between adjacent syllables. Statistical trends in the lexicon are consistent with this analysis. I compare the predictions of this analysis to those of Bennett’s (2015a,b) and suggest that the present proposal is preferable.

scholarly journals Antecedent-based approach to binding in Icelandic and Faroese

Nordlyd ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania E. Strahan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Approach ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lexical Functional Grammar ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Inside Out

<p>This paper examines the standard approach to long-distance reflexives within the Lexical-Functional Grammar framework. This approach defines the binding relation between a reflexive and its non-local antecedent by prescribing the type of syntactic elements which must and must not occur along the path from the reflexive to its antecedent. However, evidence from the Insular Scandinavian languages suggests that the binding relation should be expressed as positive and negative constraints on the path from the antecedent to the reflexive. In other words, I suggest that long-distance reflexives in Icelandic and Faroese are governed by outside-in functional uncertainty, not inside-out functional uncertainty, as is standardly assumed.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document