scholarly journals Impossible Presuppositions. On factivity, focus, and triviality

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Verdecchia
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Presupposition Failure ◽  
Focus Value ◽  
Doubling Construction ◽  
Polarity Focus ◽  
Focus Marking ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
In Virtue Of

This paper analyzes certain restrictions on polarity focus marking in clauses embedded under emotive factive predicates. It argues that these restrictions arise because this configuration leads to a systematic presupposition failure in virtue of its focus value, which I call impossible presupposition. The main argument offered here supporting this approach involves some novel asymmetries with factive clauses in predicate doubling construction in Spanish. From a theoretical perspective, the larger agenda of this article is to provide new evidence that certain types of ungrammaticality are due to semantic-pragmatic factors, namely, logical triviality.

scholarly journals Adverbial quantification and focus in Hausa

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-467
Author(s):  
Malte Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Focus Particles ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Focus Marking ◽  
Universal Mechanism ◽  
The Way

The paper investigates the interaction of focus and adverbial quantification in Hausa, a Chadic tone language spoken in West Africa. The discussion focuses on similarities and differences between intonation and tone languages concerning the way in which adverbial quantifiers (AQs) and focus particles (FPs) associate with focus constituents. It is shown that the association of AQs with focused elements does not differ fundamentally in intonation and tone languages such as Hausa, despite the fact that focus marking in Hausa works quite differently. This may hint at the existence of a universal mechanism behind the interpretation of adverbial quantifiers across languages. From a theoretical perspective, the Hausa data can be taken as evidence in favour of pragmatic approaches to the focus-sensitivity of AQs, such as e.g. Beaver & Clark (2003).  

scholarly journals Eastern or Western - that is the Question. Some Notes on the New Evidence concerning the Eastern Origin of the Halberstadt Diptych

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudrun Bühl
Keyword(s):  
Late Antique ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence

The Halberstadt diptych is a prominent example of late-antique official court art and of various kinds of expression of legitimation and power. In an article written in 1998, Alan Cameron attributed the diptych to Consul F1. Constans of 414, contradicting those who judged ita s having been commissioned by the western consul Fl. Constantius, who became consul only three years later. What may seem like a negligible difference in years is of significant consequence in that Cameron’s suggestion not only assigns the diptych a new date but, more importantly, postulates an eastern origin for it and raises wider questions in the history of art. In the following paper Cameron’s main argument will be refuted, while other arguments will be rehabilitated in favour of a western origin of the Halberstadt diptych. 

Epistemic Defeat

Philosophy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bondy ◽  
Dustin Olson
Keyword(s):  
Actual World ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
True Belief ◽  
True Proposition ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
In Virtue Of

Epistemic defeat has to do with the lowering, eliminating, or general downgrading of positive epistemic statuses, especially the statuses of being justified or having knowledge. On most accounts of justification, beliefs can be justified even when the property in virtue of which they are justified does not guarantee their truth. That is, justification is fallible. And for any fallibly justified belief, there is always the possibility that further information could come to light, which would render the belief unjustified once the subject becomes aware of it. When a subject becomes aware of such further information, her justification is defeated, and the defeating information (or her awareness of it) is a defeater. Furthermore, according to standard defeasibility analyses of knowledge, roughly, the existence of defeating information for a subject S’s justification for her belief that p is sufficient to prevent S from having knowledge that p, even while S is unaware of the defeating information and she retains justification for her belief. Note that knowledge is sometimes said to be defeasible, and sometimes it is said to be indefeasible. These characterizations of knowledge are compatible. When knowledge is said to be defeasible, the claim is that the justification required for knowledge is fallible, and possibly subject to defeat: roughly, the point is that it is in general possible that S knows that p on the basis of evidence E even if there are possible worlds in which S possesses E (or, there are possible worlds in which S’s belief that p is justified in the same way as in the actual world), and p is false. And it is therefore possible that the addition of some new evidence E′ to E could reduce or eliminate S’s justification for believing p on the basis of E. The addition of E′ to E would also defeat S’s knowledge that p. By contrast, when knowledge is said to be indefeasible, the claim is that if S knows that p, then there is not any actual further true proposition that would defeat S’s justification for her belief if it were conjoined to her evidence. In other words, to say that S’s knowledge that p is defeasible is to say that S can know that p in the actual world even though there are possible worlds in which there exist further facts that could come to light, which would defeat S’s justification for (and knowledge that) p. To say that S’s knowledge that p is indefeasible is to say that there are no such facts in the actual world. In general, if S knows that p in world W then S’s justification cannot be defeated by any facts that obtain in W. Although most contemporary epistemologists are fallibilists about knowledge, the claim that knowledge is indefeasibly justified true belief is compatible with both fallibilism and infallibilism about knowledge.

Presupposition Failure and Intended Pronominal Reference: Person Is Not So Different from Gender After All

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Charnavel
Keyword(s):  
Main Argument ◽  
Presupposition Failure ◽  
Person Features ◽  
Pronominal Reference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Features ◽  
Reference Person ◽  
The Way

This article aims to show that (one of) the main argument(s) against the presuppositional account of person is not compelling if one makes appropriate assumptions about how the context fixes the assignment. It has been argued that unlike gender features, person features of free pronouns cannot yield presupposition failure (instead, can yield only falsity) when they are not verified by the referent. The argument is flawed, however, because the way the referent is assigned is not made clear. If it is assumed to be the individual that the audience can recognize as the referent intended by the speaker, the argument is reversed.

Domestic responses to European money: A theoretical perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Katharina Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Field Approach ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Eu Policies ◽  
Field Approaches

Chapter 3 draws on the perspective towards the local level developed in chapter 2 and discusses how local responses to EU policies tools can be grasped conceptually. By building particularly on the political-science Europeanisation literature and on sociological field approaches, a specific bottom-up perspective will be presented which puts analytical emphasis on the local contextual conditions. The main argument is that local contexts shape the way how actors respond to the ESF as a financial opportunity, and how this shapes local labour market policies. The Europeanisation literature and the field approach provide the background for the development of conditional hypotheses to be tested empirically in later chapters.

Systematic effects in observed parallaxes

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
R. B. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Error Estimates ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Absolute Zero ◽  
Apparent Magnitude ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
General Catalogue ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Right Ascension

Several outstanding problems affecting the existing parallaxes should be resolved to form a coherent system for the new General Catalogue proposed by van Altena, as well as to improve luminosity calibrations and other parallax applications. Lutz has reviewed several of these problems, such as: (A) systematic differences between observatories, (B) external error estimates, (C) the absolute zero point, and (D) systematic observational effects (in right ascension, declination, apparent magnitude, etc.). Here we explore the use of cluster and spectroscopic parallaxes, and the distributions of observed parallaxes, to bring new evidence to bear on these classic problems. Several preliminary results have been obtained.

MERLIN Finds New Evidence of Ranolazine Safety

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
BRUCE JANCIN
Keyword(s):  
New Evidence

Vaccination for travellers – new evidence and recommendations

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 362-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matius P. Stürchler ◽  
R. P. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
New Evidence

Impfungen sind einfache und effektive Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Reisekrankheiten. Compliance-Probleme sind gering, da alle Impfungen noch vor Abreise verabreicht werden und bei manchen Impfungen nur eine Dosis für den zuverlässigen Schutz nötig ist. Für jeden Reisenden sind die Hepatitis A- und die Diphtherie-Tetanus-Impfung empfohlen, für Asien und Afrika auch die Polioimpfung. Bei Reisen >30 Tagen, jüngeren Personen und Reisenden mit Risikoverhalten sollte immer auch eine Hepatitis B-Impfung, eventuell als Kombination mit Hepatitis A in Betracht gezogen werden. Je nach Reisestil, -destination und -dauer können auch weitere Impfungen wie z.B. die Typhus-, Tollwut-, Zeckenenzephalitis-, Grippe-, Masern-Mumps-Röteln-, Gelbfieber-, Meningokokkenmeningitis- und die Japanische Enzephalitis-Impfung in Frage kommen. Mehrere Impfungen können gleichzeitig verabreicht werden – eine Staffelung ist nicht nötig. i BAG Supplementum VI, Stand Juli 2000 «Impfungen für Auslandreisende»; http://www.admin.ch/bag/infekt/prev/reisemed/index.htm; Safetravel http://www.safetravel.ch; Tropimed

The role of nursing in the rehabilitation of acute stroke patients: Toward a unified theoretical perspective

Pflege ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Marit Kirkevold
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Role Of Nursing ◽  
Rolle Der Pflegenden

Eine Übersicht der bestehenden Literatur weist auf Unsicherheiten bezüglich der spezifischen Rolle der Pflegenden in der Rehabilitation von Hirnschlagpatientinnen und -patienten hin. Es existieren zwei unterschiedliche Begrifflichkeiten für die Rolle der Pflegenden, keine davon bezieht sich auf spezifische Rehabilitationsziele oder Patientenergebnisse. Ein anfänglicher theoretischer Beitrag der Rolle der Pflege in der Genesung vom Hirnschlag wird als Struktur unterbreitet, um die therapeutischen Aspekte der Pflege im Koordinieren, Erhalten und Üben zu vereinen. Bestehende Literatur untermauert diesen Beitrag. Weitere Forschung ist jedoch notwendig, um den spezifischen Inhalt und Fokus der Pflege in der Genesung bei Hirnschlag zu entwickeln.

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