scholarly journals Equilibrium Unemployment: The Role of Discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (077) ◽  
pp. 1-67
Author(s):  
Juan C. Córdoba ◽  
◽  
Anni T. Isojärvi ◽  
Haoran Li ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Informational Frictions ◽  
Job Separation ◽  
Returns To Experience

U.S. labor markets are increasingly diverse and persistently unequal between genders, races and ethnicities, skill levels, and age groups. We use a structural model to decompose the observed differences in labor market outcomes across demographic groups in terms of underlying wedges in fundamentals. Of particular interest is the potential role of discrimination, either taste-based or statistical. Our model is a version of the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model extended to include a life cycle, learning by doing, a nonparticipation state, and informational frictions. The model exhibits group-specific wedges in initial human capital, returns to experience, matching efficiencies, and job separation rates. We use the model to reverse engineer group-specific wedges that we then feed back into the model to assess the fraction of various disparities they account for. Applying this methodology to 1998–2018 U.S. data, we show that differences in initial human capital, returns to experience, and job separation rates account for most of the demographic disparities; wedges in matching efficiencies play a secondary role. Our results suggest a minor aggregate impact of taste-based discrimination in hiring and an important role for statistical discrimination affecting particularly female groups and Black males. Our approach is macro, structural, unified, and comprehensive.

scholarly journals The Role of Family and Friends in Return Migration and Its Labor Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Joseph Gillespie ◽  
Clara H. Mulder ◽  
Christiane von Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Stability ◽  
Onward Migration

AbstractDrawing on survey data on individuals’ motives for migration in Sweden (N = 2172), we examine the importance of family and friends for return versus onward migration, including their importance for different age groups and in different communities on the rural–urban spectrum. The results point to a significant relationship between the importance of family and return versus onward migration, with family importance decreasing with age among returning migrants. At the same time, the importance of friends for returning increases with age. The findings did not suggest a significant relationship between urbanicity and returning versus migration elsewhere. Based on a subset of respondents who were employed prior to migrating (n = 1056), we further examined labor market outcomes for onward versus returning migrants. The results broadly indicate that return migrations are linked to lower likelihoods of labor market deterioration and improvement, suggesting greater labor market stability for return vis-à-vis onward migrations. However, the importance of family for returning (versus moving elsewhere) is associated with higher likelihoods of labor market deterioration and improvement compared with staying the same, indicating greater volatility in labor market outcomes when the importance of family is considered.

Age and the pursuit of happiness among immigrants

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2052-2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarinda Taengnoi Siemers ◽  
Denise Robson
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Older Immigrants ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how various factors, particularly ones associated with ability to assimilate to a new country such as social capital and human capital, may affect the happiness of immigrants in different age groups. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes the New Immigrant Survey 2003, which is a nationally representative survey of immigrants who became permanent US residents, to produce four separate ordered logit regressions, each for a different age group, 18-34, 35-49, 50-59, and 60 and older. Findings The empirical results indicate that employment is important to happiness among young immigrants (age 18-34). For middle-aged immigrants happiness is strongly related to family life (i.e. being married, having children), human capital, and wealth. For older immigrants (age 60 and over) happiness is significantly linked to social capital (i.e. involvement in religious institutions, communication ties to friends and family). Practical implications Understanding factors associated with the happiness of immigrants can help communities to undertake appropriate support and services for different age groups. Originality/value The study differentiates what contributes to the happiness of immigrants in different age groups. Most studies only include a binary categorical variable for age groups and do not employ a fully differentiated analysis for age. The study also explores how social capital relates to happiness. Studies of happiness among immigrants mostly omit any role of social capital variable.

Single session family therapy for beginners: what difference does it make to psychiatry registrars to participate in family sessions in front of and behind the screen?

2021 ◽  
pp. 103985622110512
Author(s):  
Danny Cheah ◽  
Liza Hopkins ◽  
Richard Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Family Therapy ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Powerful Learning ◽  
The Family ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective Current competencies required for fellowship of the RANZCP require psychiatry registrars to have experience in working with clients across all age groups, as well as working with families and the client’s wider network, however gaining this experience is not always easy for trainees. This paper reports on the experience of participating in Single Session Family Therapy (SSFT) during registrar training as a different modality for learning. Method: An online survey was conducted with fourteen registrars who had participated in SSFT during their child and adolescent rotation. Qualitative and simple quantitative data were collected and analysed. Results: Participating in SSFT during training was initially daunting, but had a positive effect on trainees, including influencing some towards focussing their future sub-specialisation in the child and youth area. Experience came through learning by doing, and seeing change. Registrars learnt about: understanding the role of the family; teamwork; technical skills; and gained confidence. Conclusions: Opportunities for trainees to participate in SSFT enables powerful learning beyond what can be taught in the classroom. Such opportunities may enhance registrars’ perceptions of family work, and may positively influence decision about future sub-specialisation.

Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhao Lai ◽  
Nicholas S Vonortas
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Abstract This study focuses on regional entrepreneurial ecosystems in the largest emerging economy in the world. We use a two-stage structural model distinguishing between two sets of factors, those that have direct impact on entrepreneurial activities and those that have indirect impact. Based on an empirical analysis of 263 Chinese prefecture-level municipalities from 2008 to 2015, we find that human capital, knowledge creation, and access to finance are the main factors that drive local entrepreneurial activity. New technology-based startups are significant predictors of the regional stock of human capital and the presence of risk finance suggesting the unique role of technology-based firms in promoting sustainable growth in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. The presence of research-intensive universities also has a strong positive impact on regional entrepreneurial ecosystems.

The Adult as Foe or Friend?: Childism in Guus Kuijer's Criticism and Fiction

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Joosen
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Children's Books ◽  
Children’S Books ◽  
Memorial Award ◽  
Adult Reader ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

Compared to the attention that children's literature scholars have paid to the construction of childhood in children's literature and the role of adults as authors, mediators and readers of children's books, few researchers have made a systematic study of adults as characters in children's books. This article analyses the construction of adulthood in a selection of texts by the Dutch author and Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award winner Guus Kuijer and connects them with Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's recent concept of ‘childism’ – a form of prejudice targeted against children. Whereas Kuijer published a severe critique of adulthood in Het geminachte kind [The despised child] (1980), in his literary works he explores a variety of positions that adults can take towards children, with varying degrees of childist features. Such a systematic and comparative analysis of the way grown-ups are characterised in children's texts helps to shed light on a didactic potential that materialises in different adult subject positions. After all, not only literary and artistic aspects of children's literature may be aimed at the adult reader (as well as the child), but also the didactic aspect of children's books can cross over between different age groups.

Effectiveness of psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth - a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Moltrecht ◽  
Jessica Deighton ◽  
Praveetha Patalay ◽  
Julian Childs
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
What Works ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Research investigating the role of emotion regulation (ER) in the development and treatment of psychopathology has increased in recent years. Evidence suggests that an increased focus on ER in treatment can improve existing interventions. Most ER research has neglected young people, therefore the present meta-analysis summarizes the evidence for existing psychosocial intervention and their effectiveness to improve ER in youth. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-one randomized-control-trials (RCTs) assessed changes in ER following a psychological intervention in youth exhibiting various psychopathological symptoms.Results: We found moderate effect sizes for current interventions to decrease emotion dysregulation in youth (g=-.46) and small effect sizes to improve emotion regulation (g=0.36). Significant differences between studies including intervention components, ER measures and populations studied resulted in large heterogeneity. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis that summarizes the effectiveness for existing interventions to improve ER in youth. The results suggest that interventions can enhance ER in youth, and that these improvements correlate with improvements in psychopathology. More RCTs including larger sample sizes, different age groups and psychopathologies are needed to increase our understanding of what works for who and when.

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