scholarly journals Virulence of Phytophthora infestans isolates from potato in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 279-288
Author(s):  
Jose Ignacio Ruiz de Galarreta ◽  
Alba Alvarez-Morezuelas ◽  
Nestor Alor ◽  
Leire Barandalla ◽  
Enrique Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Incompatibility Reactions

The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is responsible for the disease known as late blight in potato and tomato. It is the plant pathogen that has caused the greatest impact on humankind so far and, despite all the studies that have been made, it remains the most important in this crop. In Spain during the last years a greater severity of the disease has been observed in both, potato and tomato, probably due to genetic changes in pathogen populations described recently. The aim of this study was the characterization of the physiological strains of 52 isolates of P. infestans obtained in different potato-growing areas in Spain. For this purpose, inoculations on detached leaves were performed in order to determine compatibility or incompatibility reactions. A total of 17 physiological races were found. The less frequent virulence factors were Avr5 and Avr8. By studying the epidemiology of the pathogen, a specific breeding program for late blight resistance can be implemented.

scholarly journals Differential Susceptibility of 39 Tomato Varieties to Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1666-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. R. Hansen ◽  
I. M. Small ◽  
M. Mutschler ◽  
W. E. Fry ◽  
C. D. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
High Level

During the summers of 2012 and 2013, 39 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) lines or varieties were evaluated for resistance to late blight in three separate field trials. In each trial, late blight was caused by field isolates of Phytophthora infestans clonal lineage US-23. Varieties with the late blight resistance genes Ph-1, Ph-2, Ph-3, and Ph-2 + Ph-3 were included, along with several heirloom varieties with grower-reported resistance and varieties with no known resistance. All six varieties with Ph-2 + Ph-3, along with NC25P, which is homozygous for Ph-3 only, showed a high level of resistance. Plum Regal F1, which is heterozygous for Ph-3 only, showed moderate resistance. Legend, the only variety with Ph-2 alone, also showed moderate resistance. Three heirloom varieties, Matt's Wild Cherry, Lemon Drop, and Mr. Stripey, showed a high level of resistance comparable with that of varieties with Ph-2 + Ph-3. New Yorker, possessing Ph-1 only, showed no resistance. Indeterminate varieties had significantly less disease than determinate varieties in two of the three trials. Overall, this study suggests that tomato varieties with both Ph-2 and Ph-3 can be used to effectively manage late blight caused by P. infestans clonal lineage US-23. Varieties possessing only Ph-2, or heterozygous for Ph-3, were better protected than those without any late blight resistance but might still require supplemental fungicide applications, while the variety that was homozygous for Ph-3 was highly resistant. Several heirloom varieties were also highly resistant, and the unknown mechanism of their resistance warrants further research. Finally, the plasticity observed in United States P. infestans populations over the past several decades necessitates continued monitoring for genetic changes within P. infestans that could lead to the breakdown of resistance reported here.

scholarly journals Characterization of Late Blight Resistance Derived from Solanum pimpinellifolium L3708 against Multiple Isolates of the Pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Jea Kim ◽  
Martha A. Mutschler
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Race Specificity ◽  
Significant Disease

Sixteen tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. (syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)] genotypes (inbred lines or hybrids) were tested against five Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary isolates to characterize race specificity of late blight resistance transferred to tomato from Solanum pimpinellifolium L. [syn. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.] accession L3708. The effects of plant genotype, isolate, genotype × isolate, and isolate × replication interactions were highly significant (P = 0.001). Set of four sister lines fixed for late blight resistance (CU-R lines) exhibited full and equal resistance to the five pathogen isolates tested. In contrast, the heterozygous F1 hybrids, created by crossing the resistant CU-R lines with a susceptible parent, were resistant to US-11; partially resistant to US-17, NC-1, and DR4B; and susceptible to US-7. Differential responses were also observed across pathogen isolates on a set of resistant sister lines (CLN-R lines), which also were bred from L3708. The CLN-R lines were resistant to the DR4B, NC-1, and US-11 isolates, but showed significant disease-affected areas and sporangium numbers following inoculation with either US-7 or US-17. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis confirms that both CU-R and CLN-R are homozygous for the Ph-3 gene derived from L3708. Since progeny tests also confirmed that the CLN-R lines are fixed for their level of resistance, these results suggest that late blight resistance in the CU-R lines is not controlled by Ph-3 alone, and that at least one additional gene conferring late blight resistance is missing from the CLN-R lines. Results of genetic tests of the (CU-R × CLN-R) F1 and a (CU-R × CLN-R) F2 population with the pathogen isolate US-17 strongly support a model in which resistance of the CU-R lines requires genes in addition to Ph-3. The implications of this information in breeding for late blight resistance and using of the resulting resistant lines or hybrids are discussed.

scholarly journals Competition between Phytophthora infestans Effectors Leads to Increased Aggressiveness on Plants Containing Broad-Spectrum Late Blight Resistance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. e10536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis A. Halterman ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Jiraphan Sopee ◽  
Julio Berduo-Sandoval ◽  
Amilcar Sánchez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance

Resistance to Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23 in Potato Cultivars and Its Relationship with Early Blight Resistance and Tuber Yield

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiya Xue ◽  
Kathleen G. Haynes ◽  
Xinshun Qu
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Progress Curve

Resistance to late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans clonal lineage US-23, in 217 old and modern potato cultivars was evaluated in field trials in 2016 and 2017 in Pennsylvania. Significant differences in resistance were found among these cultivars (P < 0.0001). Significant interaction between cultivars and environments was found (P < 0.0001). The values of relative area under the disease progress curve ranged from 0 to 0.5841 in 2016 and from 0 to 0.5469 in 2017. Broad-sense heritability of late blight resistance was estimated to be 0.91 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.88 to 0.93. Cluster analysis classified the cultivars into 5 groups: resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. Thirty cultivars showing resistance and 32 cultivars showing moderate resistance were identified. The 217 cultivars were also evaluated for foliar maturity, tuber yield and resistance to early blight, caused by Alternaria solani. A few cultivars with late blight resistance independent of late maturity were found. Late blight resistance and early blight resistance were positively correlated, and 17 cultivars possessed resistance to both diseases. Yield tradeoff associated with late blight resistance was not observed among the cultivars in the absence of disease pressure.

STUDIES ON FERTILITY AND LATE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN SOLANUM BULBOCASTANUM DUN. IN MEXICO

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Graham ◽  
J. S. Niederhauser ◽  
Leopoldo Servin
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Solanum Bulbocastanum ◽  
Mexican Isolate

Solanum balbocastanum Dun. was collected extensively throughout its range in Mexico and Guatemala. Experimental self- and cross-pollinations showed that the species is highly self-sterile and consists of cross-sterile and cross-fertile individuals. Self-sterility may be due to the presence of incompatibility factors or to triploidy. Authentic hybrids were produced between S. bulbocastanum and S. trifidum Correll, and between S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum Dun.After inoculation with race 1.2.3.4 of Phytophthora infestans three types of reaction were observed among 1148 seedlings of S. bulbocastanum: immunity with no perceptible lesions, resistance expressed by non-sporulating lesions of the hypersensitive type, and susceptibility indicated by large sporulating necrotic lesions. Seedlings resistant to an isolate of race 1.2.3.4 of Canadian origin did not always show the same level of resistance to a Mexican isolate of the same race. Varying degrees of field resistance were observed among seedling plants, while tuber-propagated plants were generally field immune. Solanum bulbocastanum is considered a mixture of resistant and susceptible genotypes.

scholarly journals Expression of the Potato Late Blight Resistance Gene Rpi-phu1 and Phytophthora infestans Effectors in the Compatible and Incompatible Interactions in Potato

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Stefańczyk ◽  
Sylwester Sobkowiak ◽  
Marta Brylińska ◽  
Jadwiga Śliwka
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Additional Resistance

This study describes late blight resistance of potato breeding lines resulting from crosses between cultivar ‘Sárpo Mira’ and Rpi-phu1 gene donors. The progeny is investigated for the presence of Rpi-Smira1 and Rpi-phu1 resistance (R) genes. Interestingly, in detached-leaflet tests, plants with both R genes withstood the infection of the Phytophthora infestans isolate virulent to each gene separately, due to either interaction of these genes or the presence of additional resistance loci. The interaction was studied further in three chosen breeding lines on the transcriptional level. The Rpi-phu1 expression, measured over 5 days, revealed different patterns depending on the outcome of the interaction with P. infestans: it increased in infected plants whereas it remained low and stable when infection was unsuccessful. The expression patterns of P. infestans effectors Avr-vnt1, AvrSmira1, and Avr8, recognized by the Rpi-phu1, Rpi-Smira1, and Rpi-Smira2 genes, respectively, were evaluated in the same experimental setup. This is the first report that the Avr-vnt1 effector expression is not switched off permanently in virulent isolates to avoid recognition by an R protein but can reappear in a postbiotrophic phase and is present constantly when infecting plants without the corresponding R gene. Both a plant and a pathogen can react to the other interacting side by changing the transcript accumulation of R genes or effectors.

Artifical MicroRNA Mediated Gene Silencing of Phytophthora infestans Single Effector Avr3a Gene Imparts Moderate Type of Late Blight Resistance in Potato

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Thakur ◽  
Suman Sanju ◽  
Sundaresha Siddappa ◽  
Nidhi Srivastava ◽  
Pradeep K. Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Single Effector

scholarly journals Resistance to Phytophthora Infestans in Three Solanum Nigrum F3 Families

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Śliwka ◽  
Iga Tomczyńska ◽  
Marcin Chmielarz ◽  
Emil Stefańczyk ◽  
Renata Lebecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Late Blight Resistance ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Complex Inheritance

AbstractSolanum nigrumis a self-pollinating, hexaploid weed and one of a fewSolanaceaespecies native to Europe. It used to be described as a non-host forPhytophthora infestans. However, now it is known that, like its distant relatives: potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.),S. nigrumcan suffer from potato late blight caused by this pathogen. Both susceptible and resistantS. nigrumgenotypes have been previously identified and inheritance of resistance originating from one accession has been described based on population of F2plants and 15 F3lines. The goal of this study was to evaluate resistance of three families of F3lines, originating from crosses between a susceptible and three different resistantS. nigrumaccessions followed by two self-pollinations. Parental accessions were tested for the spectrum of late blight resistance against 48P. infestansisolates. The three families consisted of 106, 96 and 115 F3lines, respectively, and from each line 20 plants were tested for resistance toP. infestans. Laboratory detached leaf assays were performed in two dates and two replications of three leaves each. Segregation of the trait within the line allowed us to distinguish hetero- and homozygous lines. In one F3family, the ratio of resistant homozygotes: heterozygotes: susceptible homozygotes was 1:2:1, indicating that a single gene is most likely underlying the late blight resistance in this case. In the other two, observed segregations of the trait significantly deviated from this model suggesting more complex inheritance patterns.

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