CLONES AVANZADOS DE PAPA (Solanum tuberosum L.) PARA RENDIMIENTO Y RESISTENCIA A RANCHA (Phytophthora infestans) (Mont.) DE Bary

La rancha es el factor limitante más importante en la producción de papa. A nivel mundial ésta enfermedad ha alcanzado proporciones epidémicas en muchas áreas y siendo el control químico una medida preventiva y no una cura, es necesario incluir variedades con resistencia a la rancha dentro de un plan de manejo integrado de la enfermedad. Los objetivos principales fueron determinar los grados de resistencia y determinar los clones que representan buen rendimiento. Se utilizó como material experimental, clones avanzados de la población A, los clones fueron evaluados para resistencia al tizón tardío bajo condiciones de alta incidencia de la enfermedad en campo. El diseño experimental utilizado es de BCR con 4 repeticiones y 30 tratamientos, Durante el periodo vegetativo se efectuaron 6 lecturas del porcentaje de infección a partir de los 45 días con intervalos de 7 días para determinar el ABCPE como parámetro de resistencia, En cuanto al tubérculo se evalúo rendimiento: (kg/planta). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que todos los clones se vieron afectados en diferentes grados de resistencia y rendimiento siendo seleccionados los clones por el alto nivel de resistencia horizontal a Phytophthora infestans 381403.29, 387093.5, 391133.2, 387096.2 y 39247.19 y altos rendimientos de 37,5, 41,5, 27,4, 38,6 y 42,1 t/ha respectivamente, además, presentaron excelentes características de planta y tubérculo.

The Omics Hunt for Novel Molecular Markers of Resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Wild Solanum accessions are a treasured source of resistance against pathogens, including oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight disease. Here, Solanum pinnatisectum, Solanum tuberosum, and the somatic hybrid between these two lines were analyzed, representing resistant, susceptible, and moderately resistant genotypes, respectively. Proteome and metabolome analyses showed that the infection had the highest impact on leaves of the resistant plant and indicated, among others, an extensive remodeling of the leaf lipidome. The lipidome profiling confirmed an accumulation of glycerolipids, a depletion in the total pool of glycerophospholipids, and showed considerable differences between the lipidome composition of resistant and susceptible genotypes. The analysis of putative resistance markers pinpointed more than 100 molecules that positively correlated with resistance including phenolics and cysteamine, a compound with known antimicrobial activity. Putative resistance protein markers were targeted in an additional 12 genotypes with contrasting resistance to P. infestans. At least 27 proteins showed a negative correlation with the susceptibility including HSP70-2, endochitinase B, WPP domain-containing protein, and cyclase 3. In summary, these findings provide insights into molecular mechanisms of resistance against P. infestans and present novel targets for selective breeding.

Novel MicroRNAs and Their Functional Targets from Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi

Background: Even though miRNAs play viral roles in developmental biology by regulating the translation of mRNAs, they are poorly studied in oomycetes, especially in plant pathogen Phytophthora. Objective: The study was aimed to predict and identify the putative miRNAs and their targets in Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Methods: Homology based comparative method was used to identify the unique miRNA sequences in P. infestans and P. cinnamomi with 148,689 EST and TSA sequences of these species. Secondary structure prediction of sRNAs for the 76 resultant sequences has been performed with MFOLD tool and their targets were predicted using psRNAtarget. Result: Novel miRNAs, miR-8210 and miR-4968 were predicted from P. infestans and P. cinnamomi, respectively along with their structural features. The newly identified miRNAs were identified to play important roles in gene regulation, with few of their target genes predicted as transcription factors, tumor suppressor genes, stress responsive genes, DNA repairing genes etc. Conclusion: The miRNAs and their targets identified have opened new interference and editing targets for the development of Phytophthora resistant crop varieties.

Biochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities Assessment of the Fermented Medicinal Plants Extract Using Lactic Acid Bacteria

To prevent foodborne diseases and extend shelf-life, antimicrobial agents may be used in food to inhibit the growth of undesired microorganisms. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the fermented medicinal plants extract using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. The fermentation kinetic parameters, biochemical composition and the volatile compounds of the fermented plant extract was assessed. The results showed that, the fermented plants beverage exhibited high content in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins (152.7 mg AGE/ L; 93.6 mg RE/ L; and 62.1mg CE/ L, respectively) to compare with the extract without fermentation. The GC-MS headspace analyses showed the presence of twenty-four interesting volatile compounds. The richness of the fermented plants extracts of polyphenols content and the bioactive compound such as Eucalyptol, Camphene, α-Phellandrene, α-Terpinene improve their biological activity. In addition, the fermented plants extract exhibited a high antimicrobial potential against resistance pathogenic bacteria and fungi determined by different methods. The maximum inhibition showed in the fermented plants beverage against Escherichia coli 25922/3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 ATCC, Staphylococcus aureus 29213 ATCC, Enterococcus aerogenes 13048 ATCC, Phytophthora infestans P3 4/91 R+, Phytophthora infestans P4 20/01 R, Phytophthora infestans (GL-1). The obtained results support the hypothesis of using whey as a functional ingredient to improve food preservation. The bioprocesses of fermentation technology enhance antimicrobial and antifungal activities which could be used in different industrial applications.

Phytophthora infestans: An Overview of Methods and Attempts to Combat Late Blight

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is one of the main pathogens in the agricultural sector. The most affected are the Solanaceae species, with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) being of great agricultural importance. Ornamental Solanaceae can also host the pests Petunia spp., Calibrachoa spp., as well as the wild species Solanum dulcamara, Solanum sarrachoides, etc. Annual crop losses caused by this pathogen are highly significant. Although the interaction between P. infestans and the potato has been investigated for a long time, further studies are still needed. This review summarises the basic approaches in the fight against the late blight over the past 20 years and includes four sections devoted to methods of control: (1) fungicides; (2) R-gene-based resistance of potato species; (3) RNA interference approaches; (4) other approaches to control P. infestans. Based on the latest advances, we have provided a description of the significant advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

BIOTRICO: A Breakthrough Fertilizer for Sustainable Agriculture

The second goal of Sustainable Development Goals is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition as well as promote sustainable agriculture. Within the framework of sustainable development, agriculture has dimensions as a complex ecosystem of which biodiversity and productivity must be maintained. Accordingly, organic agriculture is an agricultural system that holistically pays attention to the sustainability of biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activities. The problems faced by farmers are the attack of disease-causing pathogens; the level of pathogen attack can even cause crop failure. Phytophthora infestans is a pathogen that causes root, stem, and leaf disease, and this disease is hazardous for plants. Phytophthora infestans are challenging to control, easily transmitted, and have the highest virulence when the plant is in the vegetative period. Therefore, this research aims to determine the level of effectiveness of BIOTRICO in controlling Phytophthora infestans by using experimental method in CV Agrolestari Merbabu. From the experimental results, BIOTRICO was able to minimize the attack of pathogens to only 20%, much lower than the control (60%) and proven capability to become a better option in root, stem, and leaf disease than chemical pesticides for sustainable agricultural practice.