scholarly journals Effect of tillage systems on energy input and energy efficiency for sugar beet and soybean under Pannonian climate conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Use Efficiency

Sustainable cropping systems require efficient usage of fossil energy. This study performed on a long-term field experiment in the Pannonian Basis investigated the energy efficiency of four tillage systems (mouldboard plough (MP), deep conservation tillage (CT<sub>d</sub>), shallow conservation tillage (CT<sub>s</sub>) and no-tillage (NT)) for sugar beet and soybean production, taking fuel consumption, total energy input (made up of both direct and indirect inputs), crop yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity and energy use efficiency into account. The input rates of fertiliser, chemical plant protection, and seeds were set constant across years; whereas measured values of fuel consumption were used for all tillage treatments. NT required a considerably lower energy input than MP and CT<sub>d</sub> as no fuel is needed for tillage and just slightly more fuel for additional spraying of glyphosate. Anyhow, the energy efficiency parameters did not differ between tillage treatments, as theses parameters were mainly determined by energy output, which was considerably higher than the energy input. However, year effects on the energy efficiency were observed for both crops. Nitrogen fertilisation and diesel fuel consumption were identified as the most energy-intensive inputs. Consequently, the energy input for sugar beet was higher than that for soybean, which was identified as a low-input crop. But sugar beet attained a more than 4 times higher net-energy output, a 2.5 times higher energy use efficiency, and an energy intensity for yield production of less than 3 times those of soybean.  

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of Continuous Rye, Rotational Rye and Barley in Different Fertilization Systems in a Long-Term Field Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Total Energy Input ◽  
Use Efficiency

A goal in sustainable agriculture is to use fossil energy more efficiently in crop production. This 60-year-old experiment on a silt loam chernozem investigated effects of fertilization (unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM)) and rotation (continuous winter rye (CR), winter rye in rotation (RR), spring barley in rotation (SB) on diesel fuel consumption, total energy input (made of both direct and indirect inputs), crop yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy use efficiency. The input rates of fertilizer, herbicides and seeds were set constant during the experiment. Soil tillage was done with a moldboard plough with subsequent combined seedbed preparation and seeding. The mean calculated total energy input was highest in NPK with 11.28 GJ ha−1 and lowest in the unfertilized control with 5.00 GJ ha−1. Total energy input for FYM was intermediate with 6.30 GJ ha−1. With energetic consideration of NPK nutrients in FYM the total energy input increased to the level of NPK. The share of the fertilizer energy on the total energy input was 49% for NPK. Fertilization with FYM and NPK increased yield and energy output considerably, especially of CR and SB which attained about doubled values. Crop rotation also increased the yield and energy output, especially of unfertilized rye, which attained values increased by about 75%. Fertilization with FYM resulted in the highest energy efficiency as the net-energy output, the energy productivity and the energy use efficiency were higher but the energy intensity was lower compared to unfertilized controls and NPK. When the nutrients in FYM were also energetically considered, the energy efficiency parameters of FYM decreased to the level of the NPK treatment. Crop rotation increased the energy efficiency of winter rye compared to the monoculture.

scholarly journals Comparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total Energy Input

Sustainable crop production requires an efficient usage of fossil energy. This six-year study on a silt loam soil (chernozem) analysed the energy efficiency of four tillage systems (mouldboard plough 25–30 cm, deep conservation tillage 35 cm, shallow conservation tillage 8–10 cm, no-tillage). Fuel consumption, total energy input (made up of both direct and indirect input), grain of maize yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity and energy use efficiency were considered. The input rates of fertiliser, herbicides and seeds were set constant; measured values of fuel consumption were used for all tillage operations. Total fuel consumption for maize (Zea mays L.) production was 81.6, 81.5, 69.5 and 53.2 L/ha for the four tillage systems. Between 60% and 64% of the total energy input (17.0–17.4 GJ/ha) was indirect energy (seeds, fertiliser, herbicides, machinery). The share of fertiliser energy of the total energy input was 36% on average across all tillage treatments. Grain drying was the second highest energy consumer with about 22%. Grain yield and energy output were mainly determined by the year. The tillage effect on yield and energy efficiency was smaller than the growing year effect. Over all six years, maize produced in the no-tillage system reached the highest energy efficiency.  

Energy performance of conservation tillage management for spring wheat production in the Brown soil zone

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
M. A. Stumborg ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Nonrenewable Energy

There is growing interest in the potential for improving nonrenewable energy use efficiency of traditional agricultural production activities in the Canadian prairies. This study, which was conducted on three soil textures in the Brown soil zone of southwestern Saskatchewan, examined the energy performance of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT) management practices for spring wheat grown in fallow-wheat (F–W) and continuous wheat (Cont W) rotations over a 12-yr period (1982–1993). Metabolizable energy output increased with cropping intensity on a silt loam at Swift Current and on a clay at Stewart Valley (average of 16 751 MJ ha–1 for F–W and 24 110 MJ ha−1 for Cont W), but not on a sandy loam at Cantuar (average 14 828 MJ ha−1) where soil water-holding capacity was limited. Further, because grain yield was rarely significantly influenced by tillage method, the latter had little influence on the overall output of metabolizable energy. Total input of nonrenewable energy per unit of rotation also increased with cropping intensity (average 2585 MJ ha−1 for F–W and 5274 MJ ha−1 for Cont W). This was primarily because of the higher rates of N fertilizer that were required with stubble cropping. We found little or no net energy savings with NT management; the F–W (MT) system tended to have the lowest overall nonrenewable energy requirement at all test sites. Although the use of conservation tillage practices provided significant energy savings in fuel and machinery, particularly for F–W systems, these were largely offset by increases in the energy input for herbicides, and higher rates of N fertilizer that were required for NT managed areas. Consequently, net energy produced (energy output minus energy input) had similar patterns as metabolizable energy output. In contrast, when efficiency was expressed as ratios of energy output to energy input, or quantity of wheat produced per unit of energy input, the values were higher for F–W (average 6.2 and 456 kg GJ−1, respectively) than for Cont W systems (average 3.8 and 278 kg GJ−1, respectively). These measures of energy efficiency also tended to be higher for CT and MT than for NT management on the medium- and fine-textured soils, but on the coarse-textured soil, tillage had no influence on the energy efficiency of the cropping systems. We concluded that the potential for achieving energy savings by adopting conservation tillage management for monoculture wheat rotations is low in this semiarid region. This was because of the lack of consistent yield advantages with MT and NT, and due to the few tillage operations that are traditionally used to control weeds on summerfllow areas and to prepare the seedbed with CT management. Key words: Wheat, minimum tillage, no-tillage, nonrenewable energy, energy output/input, energy efficiency

scholarly journals Energy Balance and Energy Use Efficiency of Annual Bioenergy Crops in Field Experiments in Southern Germany

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1835
Author(s):  
Robert Oliver Simon ◽  
Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Use Efficiency

The main objective of the cultivation of energy crops is the production of renewable energy, the substitution of fossil energy resources, and a substantial contribution to energy supply. Thus, energy yield and energy efficiency are the most important criteria for the assessment of energy crops and biomass-based renewable energy chains. Maize is the energy crop with the highest cultivation acreage in Germany because of its high energy yields, but is the subject of controversial debate because of possible detrimental effects on agro-ecosystems. This raises the question as to which energy crops and production systems could be used instead of maize, in order to increase crop diversity and lower environmental impacts. We examined yields, energy inputs, energy outputs, and energy efficiency of alternative energy crops (combinations of catch crops and main crops) compared to maize in four-year field experiments at three southern German sites by means of process analyses. Maize showed moderate energy inputs (11.3–13.2 GJ ha−1), with catch crops ranging from 6.2 to 10.7 GJ ha−1 and main crops ranging from 7.6 to 24.8 GJ ha−1. At all three sites, maize had the highest net energy output compared to the other crops (x¯ = 354–493 GJ ha−1), but was surpassed by combinations of catch and main crops at some sites (winter rye/maize: x¯ = 389–538 GJ ha−1). Although some combinations yielded higher net energy outputs than maize, no other crop or combination of crops outperformed maize regarding energy use efficiency (energy output/energy input: x¯ = 32–45).

scholarly journals Crop sequence effects on energy efficiency and land demand in a long-term fertilisation trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 739-746
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Bare Fallow

The effect of crop sequences (CR – continuous winter rye; CropR – three-field crop rotation of winter rye-spring barley-bare fallow) and fertilisation systems (unfertilised control, mineral fertiliser (NPK), farmyard manure (FYM)) on crop yield, energy efficiency indicators and land demand were analysed in a long-term experiment under Pannonian climate conditions. Due to lower fuel consumption in the bare fallow, the total fuel consumption for CropR was 27% lower than in CR. It was for NPK and FYM fertilisation by 29% and 42% higher than in the control. Although the energy output was lower in CropR than CR, the energy use efficiency for grain production increased by 35% and for above-ground biomass production by 20%. Overall crop sequences, the NPK treatment had higher crop yields, energy outputs and net-energy output with a lower energy use efficiency than the unfertilised control. CropR increased the land demand just by 20% in comparison to CR, although one-third of the land was not used for crop production. The land demand could be decreased with fertilisation by 50% (NPK) or 48% (FYM). A bare fallow year in the crop rotation decreased the crop yield, energy input and increased the energy use efficiency and land demand.  

Energy Evaluation of Kala Zeera (Bunium persicumBios.) cultivation under Gurez valley of Temperate Kashmir

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
PARMEET SINGH ◽  
M. A. RATHE ◽  
R. H. KANTH ◽  
LAL SINGH ◽  
PURSHOTAM SINGH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Use Efficiency

Energy being the critical aspect of agricultural production, the modern agricultural system takes into account all the agricultural operations in terms of energy input and the yield obtained as energy output. It is this energy balance equation which describes the viability of a system. Depending upon the variation in energy consumption among various agro–climatic and environmental conditions and the output therein, a wide variation exists in the viability of these systems. In the present study, the energy balance in Kala zeera management system was taken into consideration. Data and information were collected and different energy use efficiency indices were calculated. Amon the production practices in Kala zeera cultivation, consumed root tubers for sowing were the most energy consuming input (43.32%) followed by diesel fuel (20.28 %) and Nitrogen (18.30). the total energy input could be classified in Kala zeera fields as direct ( 10.80%), indirect (25.60%), renewable (43.3%) and non-renewable (20.27%). Overall in view of sustainability,it is recommended that major input consumptive processes shall be optimized to increase energy use efficiency

Increase energy use efficiency and economic benefit with reduced environmental footprint in rice production of central China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Yuan ◽  
Xuewu Zhan ◽  
Le Xu ◽  
Xiaoxia Ling ◽  
Shaobing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Central China ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Identifying an energy-efficient system with low energy use, low global warming potential (GWP), and high profitability is essential for ensuring the sustainability of the agro-environment. Given the global importance of China’s rice production, this study determines energy, environmental, and economic performances of transplanted (TPR) and direct-seeded rice system (DSR) in central China. The results showed that total energy inputs for TPR and DSR were 31.5 and 22.8 GJ ha− 1 across two growing seasons, respectively. Higher energy input for TPR primarily resulted from extra energy use of the nursery beds and transplanting. Higher energy output of DSR (202.5 GJ ha− 1) over that of TPR (187.7 GJ ha− 1) was due to a slightly higher yield from DSR. Therefore, DSR exhibited significantly higher energy use efficiency than that of TPR. Lower specific energy for DSR (2.78 MJ kg− 1) relative to TPR (4.02 MJ kg− 1) indicated that the energy used to produce per unit of rice grain could be reduced by 30.8% by adopting DSR. On average, GWP of DSR was reduced by 5.6% compared with TPR. Moreover, DSR had a 55.8% higher gross return and a 25.7% lower production cost than those of TPR. Overall, compared with TPR, DSR has the potential to increase gross economic return and energy output with reduced energy input and emissions. Therefore, this study suggests that DSR is an environmentally-sound and economically-viable production system. As such, DSR is noted as an energy-efficient and climate-smart production system that could be used by policymakers and farmers to achieve not only improvements in the environment but also financial benefits.

scholarly journals Study on Energy Input, Output and Energy Use Efficiency of Major Jute Based Cropping Pattern

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
MA Khan ◽  
SMA Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Rabi Crops ◽  
Input Ratio

An investigation was undertaken in Jute Research Regional Station, BJRI, Kishoreganj during the period of 2000 - 2001 to 2002 - 2003 to evaluate the energy input, energy output and output-input ratio of some selected jute based cropping pattern. the result showed that the highest energy input (42,928 MJ ha-1) was noted for Jute (oli.)- T. aman rice-Potato, which was closely followed by Jute (cap.)-T. aman rice-Potato cropping pattern (39.856 MJ ha-1). The lowest energy input (19,947 MJ ha-1) was found for Jute (cap.)-T. aman rice-Fallow pattern. The highest energy output from main product was recorded in Jute- T. aman rice-Potato cropping pattern while the lowest from Jute-Fallow-Wheat pattern. However, the highest total energy output was obtained from Jute-T. aman rice-Wheat (4,01,332-403851 MJ ha-1) which was followed by Jute-T. aman rice-Potato (3,66,729-3,73,949 MJ ha-1) and Jute-T. aman rice-Lentil (2,88,906-3,33,416 MJ ha-1), although the energy output from main product of potato containing cropping pattern was the highest. The energy output from by-product was more compared to main product for all the cropping patterns. Between two jute based cropping patterns, olitorius jute containing pattern required higher energy input than that of capsular is but energy output was higher in capsularis jute containing pattern. Output-input ratio of cropping pattern was maximum (14.5) in 2-crop pattern where rabi crops were absent. It indicated that rabi crops had lower energy output compared to other kharif crops. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(2), 195-202, 2007

Energy Use Efficiency of Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems of Sugarcane

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Omar González-Cueto ◽  
Fidel Diego-Nava ◽  
Elvis López-Bravo ◽  
Ruslán Ferreira-Camacho ◽  
Diana Estefania Zambrano-Casanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Balance Energy ◽  
Conventional Systems

HighlightsOrganic cropping systems were less efficient in energy use.Sugarcane for seed was the highest energy input due to the consumption of 12 t ha-1 of seed.The second largest part of the energy input was the fuel consumed during mechanized operations.Abstract.Analysis of energy use efficiency provides an assessment of non-renewable energy consumption; it is a useful indicator of environmental and long-term sustainability when comparing cropping systems. This study aimed to estimate the energy use efficiency of organic and conventional cropping systems of sugarcane for sugar production in central Cuba. Estimation of the energy use efficiency included analysis of four cropping systems. The energy input in the field until harvest and transport to the sugar mill was the limit of this analysis. The results showed that organic cropping systems were less efficient in energy use because of the greater number of field operations, mainly for weed control by manual and mechanical cultivation. Organic cropping systems also had lower yield compared with conventional systems due to their use of low doses of organic products, instead of agrochemical fertilizers, for plant nutrition. In all cropping systems evaluated, sugarcane used for seed was the largest part of the energy input due to the consumption of 12 t ha-1 of seed, representing an average of 89% of the total energy input for the sugarcane cropping systems. The second largest part of the energy input was the fuel consumed during mechanized operations. Irrigation was the third largest part of the energy input for organic cropping systems and the second largest part of the energy input for conventional cropping systems. Keywords: Agricultural systems, Energy balance, Energy input, Energy output.

scholarly journals Armut Üretiminde Karşılaştırmalı Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği ve Ekonomik Analiz: Trakya Bölgesi Örneği

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Başak Aydın ◽  
Duygu Aktürk ◽  
Erol Özkan ◽  
Harun Hurma ◽  
Mehmet Ali Kiracı
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Relative Profit ◽  
Ratio Energy

This study includes the agricultural enterprises producing pear which apply and do not apply good agricultural practices in Thrace Region. The basic purpose of this study is the determination of input use amounts and energy use efficiency and economical comparison of the enterprises applying and not applying good agricultural practices. In Kırklareli, Edirne and Tekirdağ, 16 pear producers which carry through good agricultural practices participated in the survey. According to the results, total energy input, energy output, energy output/input ratio, energy productivity, specific energy, energy density and net energy were determined to be respectively as 30.046.64 MJ, 36.000 MJ, 1.20, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.00 MJ/kg, 1.80 MJ/TL and 5.953.36 MJ in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices. Total energy input, energy output, energy output/input ratio, energy productivity, specific energy, energy density and net energy were determined to be respectively as 32.111.92 MJ, 33.600 MJ, 1.05, 0.44 kg/MJ, 2.29 MJ/kg, 2.05 MJ/TL and 1.488.08 MJ in the enterprises not applying good agricultural practices. In Thrace Region the cost of producing; one kg of pear was calculated 1.11 TL in the enterprises which applied good agriculture while it was calculated 1.12 TL at the enterprises which did not apply the good agriculture. Total expenses, gross output value, gross profit, net profit and relative profit were determined to be respectively as 16.682.80 TL, 24.250 TL, 14.938.10 TL, 7.567.20 TL and 1.45 in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices. Total expenses, gross output value, gross profit, net profit and relative profit were determined to be respectively as 15.652 TL, 21.000 TL, 11.511.80 TL, 5.348 TL and 1.34 in the enterprises not applying good agricultural practices. According to energy use efficiency and economic analysis results, pear farming was determined to be more advantageous in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices.

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