DIURNAL ENERGY BALANCE STUDIES OVER WHEAT USING BOWEN RATIO ENERGY BALANCE METHOD

Enelll:Y bala nce study was cond ucted uver ....n eat crop at its vari ou s Ilru"'1h stases unde r irriga tedcondition .. usine Bo~'e11 Rat io Enere)' Balance (HRt:lH 1U~1huJ . On clea r days net radi auo i. (R.> ranee.! from S17 10()l)4 w mc TIH" mi d-day latent heat partitioning was appnlJ.imalely H9. lUI. 92 and 1m", o f R. at joinung, flowe ring.soli doujh find ha rd d uugh stage s re spectlve ry. The soil heat n ux (5) was approximatel y 6 to 13%of R" a nd wasminimum .11 "nfl ,toul!'h ..tage. Th e se ns ible heat udvecu ou ""liS found In be a common ph enomenon a nd comrtbutedapp U),'(iOl;\td)' 1 to S"'" o f R. a t mid -liar a nd ihi Inten ..il)' wa s 1Il 0~ afte r 1401.) hOI at all stases

An Efficient Content Store-Based Forwarding Scheme for Internet of Things

One of the main advantages of information-centric networking (ICN) is that a requested piece of content can be retrieved from a content store (CS) at any intermediate node, instead of its original content producer. In existing ICN designs, nodes forward Interest packets mainly based on forwarding information base (FIB). FIB is constructed from name prefixes registered by content producers with a list of next hops to the name prefixes. The ICN forwarding engine uses those information to forward Interest packets towards corresponding content producers. CS information of a node is currently used only for checking the availability of cached content objects at the node and is not considered in the data plane of existing ICN forwarding mechanisms. This paper highlights the importance of CS information in an ICN forwarding mechanism and enables neighbor CS information in the data plane to improve the cache hit ratio and forwarding efficiency, especially for resource-constraint Internet of Things (IoT). We propose an efficient CS-based forwarding scheme for IoT. The proposed forwarding scheme exploits CS information of neighbors to find efficient routes to forward Interest packets toward nearby nodes with corresponding cached content. For that, we carefully design an efficient way for CS information sharing using counting bloom filter. We implement the proposed scheme and compare with state-of-the-art ICN forwarding schemes in IoT. Experimental results indicate that the proposed forwarding scheme achieves a significant improvement in terms of cache hit ratio, energy efficiency, content retrieval latency, and response rate.

­Actual Evapotranspiration for Sugarcane Based on Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance and Soil Water Balance Models with Optimized Crop Coefficients.

Evapotranspiration is an important parameter to evaluate soil water deficit and water use efficiency, especially at places with irregularly distributed precipitation.The aim of this study was to assess the daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated by the Thornthwaite and Mather soil water balance method adapted for crops (ThM) and by the dual Kc approach with the crop coefficients optimized from inversing modeling and by the adjustment procedure suggested in FAO-56. The models comparison and optimization were performed with actual evapotranspiration determined by the Bowen ratio – energy balance method (ETβ) for sugarcane at full canopy closure grown in Alagoas State, Northeastern Brazil. The objective function of the inverse problem was defined in terms of ETβ and ETa estimated by the ThM and dual Kc method by optimizing single crop coefficient (Kc) and the basal coefficient Kcb, respectively. Both optimized Kcand Kcbwere lower than the adjusted KcFAO56, with optimized Kconly 3% less than the Kc obtained experimentally. ETa estimated by ThM and dual Kc models with optimized crop coefficients (Kc = 1.05 or Kcb = 1.00) had similar high precision (r² >0.79) and accuracy (dm>0.93 and RMSE < 0.30 mm d-1), whereas using the coefficients derived from FAO 56 overestimated ETa in both models.

Thornthwaite and mather soil water balance model adapted for estimation of real evapotranspiration of the pasture

Determining the real water requirement for pastures is essential for the rational use of irrigation. The aim of this work was to assess the crop coefficient and performance of the Thornthwaite and Mather soil water balance (ThM) adapted to estimate the daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of a pasture in relation to the Bowen ratio - energy balance method (BREB). The experiment was carried out from July 2018 to June 2019 in Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State (RJ) (22º 27’S; 42º 45’W and 30 m altitude). Micrometeorological and meteorological measurements were conducted in a micrometeorological tower installed in the pasture and also in an automatic weather station, located 1 km from the pasture area. The ThM model was evaluated using linear regression between ETa determinate from BREB and the estimates from ThM using its coefficient of determination (R²) and the modified Willmott agreement index (dm). The ThM model underestimated (between 11 and 16%) the ETa for all seasons, except for spring, which overestimated by 1%. The highest precision and accuracy of the estimates were observed in autumn (R² = 0.84 and dm = 0.68) and spring (R² = 0.83 and dm = 0.82). In summer (R² = 0.56 and dm = 0.73) and winter (R² = 0.43 and dm = 0.66), the lower performance was caused by the inability of the model to represent water extraction from the soil in dry periods.

Implementation of Hybrid Algorithm in Cluster Head using Neural Networks

A Neural Network is a data processing system consisting of large number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements. In this paper a graphical convention is utilized where hubs are orchestrated in the form of cluster. An epic methodology is presented for choice of group head by the utilization of fake neural organization to expand organization's lifetime in WSN and calculation of steering convention dependent on neural organizations (NNs). In the proposed work, a standard burned-through energy is used for the choice of bunch head and and steering convention LEACH is used. The leftover energy is utilized for making group head and for the determination of bunch head using Neural Network. In the proposed system Using LEACHNN algorithm Throughput, packet delivery ratio ,energy is improved by 20%.

Comparative characteristics of eggs of chickens of domestic and foreign selection in their diverse age

At this juncture, more and more attention is drawn to the preservation of the gene pool of local breeds of poultry, which have a set of valuable features, including high-quality eggs. In this study, the quality parameters of eggs (egg weight, weight, and proportion of yolk, weight, and proportion of albumen, yolk-albumen ratio, energy value, lipid and fatty acid content in the yolk) of chickens of Ukrainian selection(such hybrids as Plymouth white, Poltava Clay, Birkivska Barvysta and their interbreed hybrids) and foreign commercial crosses (Tetra SL, Tetra H, Super Harko, Lohmann Brown, Highsex White and Brown, High Line W36), at different ages (26, 34, 44 weeks of age) were studied in the comparative aspect. The average egg weight of Ukrainian breeds and hybrids was 51.9 g, 56.5 g, and 61.2 g at the age of 26, 34, and 44 weeks, respectively, in foreign crosses it was much higher - 59 g, 61.2 g, and 64.5 g, respectively (p <0.01). At the same time, there was a probable advantage of the Ukrainian selection bird over the foreign selection bird in the proportion of yolk (by 4.3%, 2.9%, and 4.1% at the age of 26.34 and 44 weeks, respectively), the yolk-albumen ratio (by 0.12, 0.07 and 0.08, respectively) and the energy value of the egg (76, 48 and 60 kJ, respectively). Higher lipid content was found in the egg yolks of domestic chickens in comparison with the foreign hybrid Tetra SL. The total content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the egg yolks in hens of local breeds is higher than in foreign cross. High-quality characteristics of eggs of local breeds and populations are evidence of the presence of a valuable set of genes that require comprehensive study, preservation, and use in the creation of new selectively significant forms.

Edge Sensing-Enabled Multistage Hierarchical Clustering Deredundancy Algorithm in WSNs

Due to the defects caused by limited energy, storage capacity, and computing ability, the increasing amount of sensing data has become a challenge in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To decrease the additional power consumption and extend the lifetime of a WSN, a multistage hierarchical clustering deredundancy algorithm is proposed. In the first stage, a dual-metric distance is employed, and redundant nodes are preliminarily identified by the improved k -means algorithm to obtain clusters of similar nodes. Then, a Gaussian hybrid clustering classification algorithm is presented to implement data similarity clustering for edge sensing data in the second stage. In the third stage, the clustered sensing data is randomly weighted to deduplicate the spatial correlation data. Detailed experimental results show that, compared with the existing schemes, the proposed deredundancy algorithm can achieve better performance in terms of redundant data ratio, energy consumption, and network lifetime.

Proof-of-Concept of High-Pressure Torrefaction for Improvement of Pelletized Biomass Fuel Properties and Process Cost Reduction

This paper provides a comprehensive description of the new approach to biomass torrefaction under high-pressure conditions. A new type of laboratory-scale high-pressure reactor was designed and built. The aim of the study was to compare the high-pressure torrefaction with conventional near atmospheric pressure torrefaction. Specifically, we investigated the torrefaction process influence on the fuel properties of wooden-pellet for two different pressure regimes up to 15 bar. All torrefaction processes were conducted at 300 °C, at 30 min of residence time. The initial analysis of the increased pressure impact on the torrefaction parameters: mass yields, energy densification ratio, energy yield, process energy consumption, the proximate analysis, high heating value, and energy needed to grind torrefied pellets was completed. The results show that high-pressure torrefaction needed up to six percent less energy, whereas energy densification in the pellet was ~12% higher compared to conventional torrefaction. The presence of pressure during torrefaction did not have an impact on the energy required for pellet grinding (p < 0.05).

Comparison of actual evapotranspiration based on lysimeter, scintillometer and bowen ratio energy balance method

&lt;p&gt;Evapotranspiration is an important parameter for grassland ecosystems because the (actual) evapotranspiration explains the exchange of water and energy between soil, land surface and atmosphere. Understanding the effects of changing grassland yields on evapotranspiration rates is essential for the assessment of the water- and plant water balance of grassland sites under climate change. However, evapotranspiration is difficult to measure, and the suitability of the various methods strongly depends on the time and spatial scale considered. Thus, the aim of this work is to compare different measurements of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) at a managed alpine grassland site. The study area is located in the northern alps of Austria, at the Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein (Styria). Here, the ETa data of a high resolution weighable lysimeters, are compared with ETa data measured by a scintillometer system BLS900 (Scintec, Germany). The system measures sensible heat flux integrated along the near-infrared beam of 880 nm, length of 356 m and height of 6.3 m above grassy surface. The ETa is calculated as a residual from the energy balance equation. Another independent source of ETa data is the Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREB), which is placed roughly in the middle of the scintillometer path and adjacently (few meters) to the lysimeter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the observation period (vegetation period 2018; March-November), ETa calculated from the weighable lysimeter was 573 mm in total and showed the highest absolute value compared to the other measurements. The calculated ETa from the BREB system is 505 mm (including condensation) and 526 mm (excluding condensation).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the beginning of the vegetation growth, the scintillometer system measured lower values of ETa than the lysimeter, but higher values than the BREB system. Contrary, at the end of May, the lysimeter ETa showed the lowest values compared to the other two systems. This can be related to the fact that the grass on the lysimeter was cut three times per year, whereas the management of other areas on the experimental site was different. The same effects were observed at the second and third cut, always with the fact that the scintillometer system showed higher values than the BREB system. After two weeks of the first and second cut, the vegetation on the lysimeters was established faster than on the surrounding grassland. As a consequence, the lysimeter ETa showed again the highest values. Only after the third cut at the end of September, the vegetation was slowly growing and the scintillometer as well the BREB system showed higher ETa values till the end of the observation month in November. These results suggest that the evapotranspiration rates are strongly dependent on the management of the grassland, which needs to be considered in the selection and design of evapotranspiration measurements.&lt;/p&gt;