DEVELOPMENTS IN HIGH DENSITY SWEET CHERRY PRUNING AND TRAINING SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD

2005 ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
High Density ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
And Training

Sweet cherry training systems.

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-235
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Long ◽  
Gregory A. Lang ◽  
Clive Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Training Techniques ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
And Training ◽  
Mix And Match

Abstract Training systems should be considered to be dynamic and continuously developing, as every grower and orchard site is different, with inherent traits that lead to subtle modifications of initial ideas and training concepts that can significantly affect their ultimate degree of success. This chapter will address more than a dozen potential sweet cherry canopy training systems. It provides a discussion of some of the key cherry training techniques and concepts, and particular benefits and limitations, to help growers determine how they might adopt or mix-and-match training systems for their goals, cultivars, rootstocks, orchard sites and labor situations.

Design and Evaluation of Solid Set Canopy Delivery System for Spray Application in High-density Apple Orchards

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-757
Author(s):  
Ajay Sharda ◽  
Manoj Karkee ◽  
Gwen Hoheisel ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Devin Mangus
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
High Density ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Coverage Analysis ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
And Training

Abstract. Permanent or solid set canopy delivery (SSCD) system with certain types of emitters placed along the tree rows have shown promise in the past for foliar application in tree fruit orchards. However, limited knowledge exists in terms of designing a SSCD system for uniform canopy spray coverage in tree fruit orchards. This study examined the spray coverage in high-density, super spindle apple orchards created by different nozzles and their configuration within a canopy on a SSCD system. Three different types of emitters (sprinkler, full cone, and hollow cone) and two different design configurations were evaluated in the orchard using three consecutive tree fruit rows that were 9 m long. Application pressures were 241, 379, and 517 kPa. Coverage analysis on the upper- and under-side of leaves was determined using water sensitive cards (WSC) on three randomly selected trees (23= cards/tree). The results indicated that the design configuration with two 80° hollow-cone nozzles, installed at three different canopy heights, and spray application pressure of 379 kPa provided greater coverage on upper-side (87%) and on the under-side (50%) of tree leaves. Additional studies would have to be conducted for other fruit crops and training systems to optimize system design for intended spray coverage. Keywords: Application pressure, Emitter, Solid set canopy delivery, Spray nozzle, Spray coverage.

scholarly journals A Roadmap to Vocational Education and Training Systems Around the World

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Eichhorst ◽  
Nuria Rodriguez-Planas ◽  
Ricarda Schmidl ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
And Training

scholarly journals The Effects of Rootstocks and Training Systems on the Early Performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal AGLAR ◽  
Kenan YILDIZ ◽  
Lynn Edwards LONG
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Leader Training ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
And Training

The effects of three rootstocks (‘Gisela 5’, ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’) and three training systems (Spanish bush, Steep leader and Vogel central leader) on early performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry were compared. There have been significant differences among both rootstocks and training systems in terms of tree heights. At the end of the fourth year, while the height of the trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was 238.3 cm, those grafted on ‘MaxMa 14’ reached 266.4 cm in height. While the shortest tree height was obtained from Spanish bush system, heights of the trees in Steep leader and Vogel central leader training systems were found to be at similar levels. ‘Gisela’ 5 had lower trunk cross section area (TCSA) than ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks. Among three systems, trees trained to Steep leader had the highest TCSA, followed by Spanish bush and Vogel central leader. Interactions were found between rootstock and training system for yield and yield efficiency. On ‘Gisela 6’, cumulative yield of Vogel central leader system (17.0 g/tree) was significantly higher than Spanish bush (14.8 g/tree) and Steep leader (12.6 g/tree). On the other hand, on ‘MaxMa 14’, there were not significant differences in cumulative yield per tree among training systems. On ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Gisela 6’, the highest yield efficiency were observed in trees trained as Vogel central leader. Yield efficiency of Vogel central leader (0.49 kg cm-²) was two time higher than those of Spanish bush (0.29 kg cm-²) and Steep leader (0.26 kg cm-²) on ‘Gisela 6’. The weight of fruits from trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was lower than those from trees on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’. In the fourth year, while the average fruit weight was 5.86 g on ‘Gisela 5’, it was 6.00 and 6.25 g on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks respectively.

scholarly journals New Training Systems for High-density Planting of Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Musacchi ◽  
Federico Gagliardi ◽  
Sara Serra
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Production Behavior ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

We assessed the vegetative growth and fruit production behavior of different sweet cherry cultivars grown using multiple new ultra-high-density planting (HDP) and training systems. An experimental orchard established in 2007 in the Ferrara province of Italy was used for this trial. The sweet cherry cultivars under evaluation were ‘Giorgia’ and ‘Grace Star®’ grafted on Gisela® 6; and ‘Black Star®’, ‘Early Bigi®’, ‘Early Star®’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘Grace Star®’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Regina’, ‘Summit’, ‘Sweet Early®’, and ‘Sylvia’ grafted on Gisela® 5 rootstock. Each cultivar–rootstock combination was trained to spindle, V-system, or Super Spindle Axis (SSA). Planting densities ranged from 1905 trees/ha for spindle with Gisela® 6 to 5714 trees/ha for V-system and SSA with Gisela® 5. Vegetative growth, yield productivity, and fruit quality were evaluated. Among the three systems grafted on Gisela® 5, trees trained to the spindle system had the highest trunk cross-sectional area (26.2 cm2), followed by V-system (21.8 cm2) and SSA (20.2 cm2). Seven years after planting, ‘Ferrovia’ had the highest cumulative yield per hectare among cultivars on Gisela® 5, especially with V-system (50.5 t·ha–1) and SSA (52.2 t·ha–1) training systems. For cultivars on Gisela® 6, ‘Giorgia’ on had the highest cumulative yield per hectare after 7 years, but ‘Grace Star®’ on had higher production (≈14.0 t·ha–1 with V-system and SSA and 12.8 t·ha–1 with spindle) than ‘Giorgia’ in 2013.

scholarly journals Rootstock and Training System Affect Sweet Cherry Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Whiting ◽  
Gregory Lang ◽  
David Ophardt
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training System ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
And Training ◽  
Gisela 5 ◽  
Gisela 6

Traditional sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) training systems in the United States are based upon vigorous rootstocks and multiple leader vase canopy architectures. The sweet cherry research lab at Washington State University has been investigating the potential of new rootstocks and training systems to improve production efficiency and produce high quality fruit. This paper describes the effects of three rootstocks—Mazzard (P. avium), `Gisela 6', and `Gisela 5' (P. cerasus × P. canescens)—and four training systems—central leader, multiple-leader bush, palmette, and y-trellis—on `Bing' sweet cherry tree vigor, fruit yield and quality over a seven year period. Compared to trees on Mazzard, trees on `Gisela 5' and `Gisela 6' had 45% and 20% lower trunk cross-sectional areas after 7 seasons, respectively. Trees on `Gisela 6' were the most productive, yielding between 13% and 31% more than those on `Gisela 5' and 657% to 212% more than trees on Mazzard, depending on year. Both Gisela rootstocks significantly improved precocity compared to Mazzard, bearing fruit in year 3 in the orchard. Canopy architecture had only moderate effects on tree vigor and fruit yield. Across rootstocks, bush-trained trees were about 25% less productive compared to the other systems, which exhibited similar cumulative yields (102 kg/tree). Fruit weight was negatively and closely (r2 = 0.84) related to tree yield efficiency (kg·cm–2). Crop value was related positively to fruit yield.

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