Stratigraphic Characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale to Identify the Best Landing Zone: A Semi-analytical Workflow

Placement of the horizontal well within the best landing zone is critical to maximize well productivity, thus identification of the best landing zone is important. This paper illustrates an integrated semi-analytical workflow to carry out the stratigraphic characterization of the Eagle Ford shale to identify the best landing zone. The objective of this work is twofold: 1) to establish a workflow for stratigraphic characterization and 2) to understand the local level variability in the well performance.To establish the workflow, we have used the production data, petrophysical information and regional reservoir property maps. As a first step of the workflow, we subdivided the Eagle Ford shale into nine smaller stratigraphic units using the wireline signatures and outcrop study. In the second step, we have used statistical methods such as linear regression, fuzzy groups and theory of granularity to capture the relationship between the geological parameters and the well performances. In this step, we identified volume of clay (Vclay), hydrocarbon filled porosity (HCFP) and total organic carbon (TOC) as key drivers of the well performance. In the third step, we characterized the nine smaller units and identified four stratigraphic units as good reservoirs with two being the best due to their low Vclay, high HCFP and high TOC content.Finally, we reviewed the well paths of four horizontal wells with respect to the best stratigraphic units. We observed that production behavior of these wells is possibly driven by their lateral placement. The better producing wells are placed within the middle of the best stratigraphic units whereas the poor wells are going out the best stratigraphic units. This investigation provides a case study that demonstrates the importance of integrating datasets to identify best landing zones and the suggested workflow can be applied to other areas and reservoirs to better identify targetable zones.

Production Behavior in Sharia Economy: in the Perspective of Maqashidi Interpretation

<em>In the perspective of sharia economy, production activities are linked to humans and their participation in economic activities. The problem is, then, how the Qur'an views production behavior as processing resources into outputs in order to increase public interests (maslahah) for humankind. This paper focuses on the study on how to picture the concept of production behavior in sharia economy, as understood through the contemporary commentary approach called maqashidi interpretation. This study is a literature research based on a review of texts related to economic recession with a focus on maqashidi interpretation. According to the results of this study, several terms are used to refer to the term 'production' in the Quran, such as 'amal, sina'ah, and other terms mentioned in the verses of the Quran in general. Maqashidi interpretation on production behavior seeks to comprehend the verses referring to production based on public interest values for those working, creating, and manufacturing products. In relation to the maqasid verses of the Quran, production behavior leads to human needs which encompass five preservations, such as preserving religion (hifz al-din), soul (hifz al-nafs), minds and creativity (hifz al-'aql), property and materials (hifz al-mal), and continuity of heredity (hifz al-nasl), all of which aim to benefit Muslims.</em>

The modelling and application of cross-scale human behavior in realizing the shop-floor digital twin

The digital twin shop-floor has received much attention from the manufacturing industry as it is an important way to upgrade the shop-floor digitally and intelligently. As a key part of the shop-floor, humans' high autonomy and uncertainty leads to the difficulty in digital twin modeling of human behavior. Therefore, the modeling system for cross-scale human behavior in digital twin shop-floors was developed, powered by the data fusion of macro-behavior and micro-behavior virtual models. Shop-floor human macro-behavior mainly refers to the role of the human and their real-time position. Shop-floor micro-behavior mainly refers to real-time human limb posture and production behavior at their workstation. In this study, we reviewed and summarized a set of theoretical systems for cross-scale human behavior modeling in digital twin shop-floors. Based on this theoretical system, we then reviewed modeling theory and technology from macro-behavior and micro-behavior aspects to analyze the research status of shop-floor human behavior modeling. Lastly, we discuss and offer opinion on the application of cross-scale human behavior modeling in digital twin shop-floors. Cross-scale human behavior modeling is the key for realizing closed-loop interactive drive of human behavior in digital twin shop-floors.

Manuscript Title: Unlocking New/Missed Reservoir Zones at Shallow Depth Based on Integrating Post-Hydraulic Fracture Performance with Reservoir, Petrophysics, and Geology Data

Skhidno-Poltavske Field is a Ukrainian gas field producing mostly from commingled wells. These commingled wells have no information about the production split and the pressure data measured for each formation separately. This was one of the main challenges to study the field and understand the potential of each individual formation. Many wells were hydraulically fractured (HF) and showed a wide range of production and pressure performance after the stimulation. Six of these HF wells showed atypical pressure and production behavior after the HF compared to the rest of the wells. The main challenge in the reservoir simulation study was to understand whether these HFs reached isolated lateral segments of the same producing zones or accessed other reservoir zones by/due to vertical propagation of the hydraulic fracture plane. Understanding the pressure and production performance of these wells and comparing them to the other wells was the key to revealing their behavior. This was integrated with the petrophysical data to understand the potential formations and the uncertainty range of their properties. The geomodeling was the destination to translate these uncertainties into different realizations that were all dynamically tested to generate the most probable realization. The integration between different domains resulted in unlocking an overlooked productive zone that was out of consideration. This increased the reserves of this field and extended its life. One of the study recommendations was to test and develop this formation through perforating the existing wells or drilling new wells targeting the overlooked productive zone.

The Impact of Rural Population Aging on Farmers’ Cleaner Production Behavior: Evidence from Five Provinces of the North China Plain

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of rural population aging on farmers’ cleaner production behavior through the intervening effects of three aspects (learning capacity, factor substitution and behavior imitation). The data used in this article were collected from a questionnaire survey of 916 farmers in the main grain producing provinces of the North China Plain. First, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out, and then data were analyzed through structural equation modeling using the bootstrap methodology in AMOS 24. The findings indicate that rural population aging inhibits farmers’ cleaner production behavior through learning capacity. In contrast, rural population aging promotes farmers’ cleaner production behavior through factor substitution and behavior imitation. From the perspective of both challenges and opportunities, this article investigates the impact mechanism and comprehensive effect of rural population aging on farmers’ cleaner production behavior, so as to explore new ways to promote cleaner agricultural production under the background of an accelerated aging the of rural labor force and provide reference for the formulation of relevant policies.

The Key Factors of Low-Frequency Electric Heating Assisted Depressurization Method in the Exploiting of Methane Hydrate Sediments

Natural gas hydrate is widely distributed in the permafrost and marine deposits, and is regarded as an energy resource with great potential. The low-frequency electric heating assisted depressurization (LF-EHAD) has been proven to be an efficient method for exploiting hydrate sediments, which involves complex multi-physics processes, i.e. current conduction, multiphase flow, chemical reaction and heat transfer. The physical properties vary greatly in different hydrate sediments, which may profoundly affect the hydrate decomposition in the LF-EHAD process. In order to evaluate the influence of hydrate-bearing sediment properties on the gas production behavior and energy utilization efficiency of the LF-EHAD method, a geological model was first established based on the data of hydrate sediments in the Shenhu Area. Then, the influence of permeability, porosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, hydrate saturation and hydrate-bearing layer (HBL) thickness on gas production behavior is comprehensively analyzed by numerical simulation method. Finally, the energy efficiency ratio under different sediment properties is compared. Results indicate that higher gas production is obtained in the high-permeability hydrate sediments during depressurization. However, after the electric heating is implemented, the gas production first increases and then tends to be insensitive as the permeability decreases. With the increasing of porosity, the gas production during depressurization decreases due to the low effective permeability; while in the electric heating stage, this effect is reversed. High thermal conductivity is beneficial to enhance the heat conduction, thus promoting the hydrate decomposition. During depressurization, the gas production is enhanced with the increase of specific heat capacity. However, more heat is consumed to increase the reservoir temperature during electric heating, thereby reducing the gas production. High hydrate saturation is not conducive to depressurization because of the low effective permeability. After electric heating, the gas production increases significantly. High HBL thickness results in a higher gas production during depressurization, while in the electric heating stage, the gas production first increases and then remains unchanged with the increase of thickness, due to the limited heat supply. The comparison results of energy efficiency suggest that electric heating is more advantageous for hydrate sediments with low permeability, high porosity, high thermal conductivity, low specific heat capacity, high hydrate saturation and high HBL thickness. The findings in this work can provide a useful reference for evaluating the application of the LF-EHAD method in gas hydrate sediments.

Agronomic performance and chemical composition of silage from corn hybrids grown in southern Rondonia

Corn is a widely used crop for silage. However, due to the changes introduced in recent genotypes, regional information related to the agronomic production behavior and the chemical composition of the silage produced becomes necessary for the appropriate technological development destined to agricultural and animal production in the Amazon region. With this premise, the present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of corn hybrids cultivated for silage production and the chemical composition of the ensiled material. The experiment was conducted from October 2020 to March 2021, under field conditions, in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondonia, Colorado do Oeste Campus, in the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, RO, Brazil. The experimental design used was completely randomized, composed of six corn hybrids (GNZ7210 VTPRO2, AG8480 VTPRO3, BM3073 VTPRO3, BM270 VTPRO2, BM3066 VTPRO3 and BM3077 VTPRO3) and five replicates, cultivated at spacing of 0.80m between rows and 0.20m between plants. There was variation in the agronomic performance of the commercial corn hybrids for the southern region of Rondônia. The silages produced from the six corn hybrids showed bromatological and chemical characteristics that characterize them as silages of very good quality, despite showing significant differences in the percentages of DM, MM, CP, N-NH3/TN, NDF and ADF. The hybrid BM3073 PRO3 stood out for fresh matter yield, shoot N content and quality of the silage produced, which may result in the reduction of silage production costs.