Everything that Rises Must Converge: Huaicos, Communitas, and Humanitarian Exchange in Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Bird ◽  
Alejandra Hidalgo ◽  
Erika León ◽  
Vicente M. León
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Societal Transformation ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Post Disaster

While terms such as solidarity and communitas are invoked, sometimes interchangeably, to characterize the feeling of togetherness supporting mutual aid during the emergency phase of disasters, they are not identical phenomena. This article examines the 2017 Peruvian huiaco disaster to understand the role communitas and reciprocity play in the mobilization of emergency aid and the growing sense of togetherness buttressing its distribution. Via an in situ qualitative study conducted as the disaster unfolded, we analyze how the huaicos or flashfloods and mudslides caused by the El Niño phenomenon activated a temporary but structured humanitarian exchange that filled voids left by disrupted markets and debilitated local, regional, and national governments. This aid resulted from a media-fueled sense of togetherness that motivated an asymmetric exchange based on principles of redistribution and generalized reciprocity. While the short-term feeling of togetherness offered a glimpse of possible societal transformation, once communitas ended, the humanitarian exchange further reproduced pre-existing social structures and exacerbated vulnerability. With an understanding of how temporary post-disaster communitas operates, the challenge lies in the strategic importance of prolonging the experience of communitas to address the new relational vulnerability created by humanitarian exchange.

scholarly journals El Niño-Oscilación del Sur, fase Modoki, y sus efectos en la variabilidad espacio-temporal de la precipitación en Colombia

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (166) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Navarro-Monterroza ◽  
Paola A. Arias ◽  
Sara C. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
La Nina

Se analizó la posible influencia del fenómeno de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) en la variabilidad espaciotemporal de la precipitación en Colombia a partir de registros de estaciones in situ durante el período 1970-2015 y de datos provenientes de registros satelitales disponibles a partir de 1998. Mediante los índices de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) asociados al fenómeno ENOS, se evaluaron las anomalías en la precipitación por trimestre para cada tipo de evento, así como las correlaciones mensuales simultáneas y rezagadas entre cada índice y las anomalías en la precipitación. Con base en la información satelital se concluyó que en gran parte del país hubo una mayor precipitación durante los eventos de La Niña Modoki que durante La Niña Canónica en el trimestre de diciembre, enero y febrero, en tanto que la precipitación disminuyó más en la fase canónica de El Niño que en la fase Modoki. La significación estadística de las correlaciones rezagadas evidenció la influencia de la TSM del Pacífico este en las  anomalías en la precipitación en Colombia con un rezago de 0 hasta 6 meses. Los resultados de este trabajo aportaron una mayor claridad sobre las variaciones de la distribución de la precipitación y la disponibilidad de agua en Colombia durante las diversas fases del fenómeno de ENOS, lo cual contribuye a la búsqueda de un manejo más eficiente del recurso hídrico. © 2019. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

scholarly journals What Is the Impact of Additional Tropical Observations on a Modern Data Assimilation System?

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 2433-2449
Author(s):  
Laura C. Slivinski ◽  
Gilbert P. Compo ◽  
Jeffrey S. Whitaker ◽  
Prashant D. Sardeshmukh ◽  
Jih-Wang A. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Observational Network ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Assimilation System

Abstract Given the network of satellite and aircraft observations around the globe, do additional in situ observations impact analyses within a global forecast system? Despite the dense observational network at many levels in the tropical troposphere, assimilating additional sounding observations taken in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during the 2016 El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) locally improves wind, temperature, and humidity 6-h forecasts using a modern assimilation system. Fields from a 50-km reanalysis that assimilates all available observations, including those taken during the ENRR, are compared with those from an otherwise-identical reanalysis that denies all ENRR observations. These observations reveal a bias in the 200-hPa divergence of the assimilating model during a strong El Niño. While the existing observational network partially corrects this bias, the ENRR observations provide a stronger mean correction in the analysis. Significant improvements in the mean-square fit of the first-guess fields to the assimilated ENRR observations demonstrate that they are valuable within the existing network. The effects of the ENRR observations are pronounced in levels of the troposphere that are sparsely observed, particularly 500–800 hPa. Assimilating ENRR observations has mixed effects on the mean-square difference with nearby non-ENRR observations. Using a similar system but with a higher-resolution forecast model yields comparable results to the lower-resolution system. These findings imply a limited improvement in large-scale forecast variability from additional in situ observations, but significant improvements in local 6-h forecasts.

scholarly journals Wavelet coherence between ENSO indices and two precipitation database for the Andes region of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Cristina Díaz G. ◽  
Nancy Villegas
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
La Nina ◽  
El Niño Events ◽  
Wavelet Coherence Analysis ◽  
El Nino Events ◽  
Enso Indices

The influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Colombia's hydrological variables has been shown in different studies. Most of the methodologies implemented have identified linear relationships and have associated the warm (cold) phase called El Niño (La Niña) with negative (positive) rainfall and streamflow anomalies. One of the most adverse impacts founded is the reduction in water supply during the warm phase. Therefore, it is necessary to study the linkage between ENSO and precipitation variability for efficient management of water resources. Consequently, the present paper has two purposes. The first one is to explore nonlinear correlations of the ENSO-precipitation relationship, particularly for specific regions where the freshwater resources have been significantly reduced during El Niño events. The second one is to identify which indices will enable in improving the predictability of hydro-climatological variables. The research was based on the wavelet coherence analysis of monthly precipitation time series from 1981-2016 and the ENSO indices for the same period. The results show that ENSO events influence the precipitation as periods of rainfall deficit or excess. Also, precipitation is organized in bands and that the 2–8-year scales explain most of their variance. The most significant sectors are those that cover El Niño events. In contrast, sectors are smaller when La Niña episodes. Then impacts on precipitation tend to be greater for warm events. Results also allowed to identify that El Niño 3, Niño 3,4, ONI, and BEST indices can be good indicators for forecasting work in these specific places. The use of two kinds of data, one in situ and the other from CHIRPS program, allows to establish the feasibility of using data from satellite origin in regions without enough information; the results showed that CHIRPS data tend to report fewer anomalies than data in situ. However, the coherence structure is similar, but in periods between 36 and 48 months, there were discrepancies of pi/4 in the phase difference, that is, between 3 and 6 months of difference in lags calculated with each database.

scholarly journals Propuesta de vivienda modular sostenible mediante la utilización de paneles de quincha prefabricada para atención de las demandas de refugio en Sondorillo, Huancabamba, Piura

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jordys David Chavez More ◽  
Jhon Julio Cueva Sandillan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
El Sistema

En el presente documento se propone el proceso constructivo de una Vivienda Modular en respuesta a la demanda de refugios por parte de la población afectada por el Fenómeno El Niño de Sondorillo, Huancabamba, Piura, mediante el uso de materiales como el bambú, carrizo y barro disponibles en la zona de estudio. Con el sistema modular propuesto se ha logrado ajustar a un plazo de 7 días para su ejecución mediante la sectorización acorde al número de cuadrillas y a los metrados para un área total de 41.00 𝑚2; así mismo, mediante la planificación de partidas en paralelo para incrementar su ejecución in situ, a través de los procesos constructivos propuestos para el proyecto. Además, se demuestra la factibilidad del proyecto por su baja inversión y ahorro a través del tiempo en comparación a otras propuestas de vivienda. Finalmente, se realizó una simulación en 4D con el programa Navisworks obteniéndose una visualización virtual de los procesos constructivos para una adecuada capacitación de la mano de obra del proyecto y un mayor entendimiento de los procesos de trabajo respecto a la programación previamente realizada.

scholarly journals ENSO-driven fluctuations in oxygen supply and vertical extent of oxygen-poor waters in the oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonss Saranga José ◽  
Lothar Stramma ◽  
Sunke Schmidtko ◽  
Andreas Oschlies
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Vertical Extent ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Minimum Zone ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

Abstract. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with its warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) phase has strong impacts on marine ecosystems off Peru. This influence extends from changes in nutrient availability to productivity and oxygen levels. While several studies have demonstrated the influence of ENSO events on biological productivity, less is known about their impact on oxygen concentrations. In situ observations along the Peruvian and Chilean coast have shown a strong water column oxygenation during the 1997/1998 strong El Niño event. These observations suggest a deepening of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) along the continental shelf. However, due to reduced spatial coverage of the existing in situ observations, no studies have yet demonstrated the OMZ response to El Niño events in the whole Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). Furthermore, most studies have focused on El Niño events. Much less attention was given to the oxygen dynamics under La Niña influence. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the ENSO influence on OMZ dynamics. Interannual variability of the OMZ during the period 1990–2010 is derived from a regional coupled physical-biogeochemical model forced with realistic atmospheric and lateral boundary conditions. Our results show a reduction of the vertical extent and a deepening of suboxic waters (SW) during the El Niño phase. During the La Niña phase, there is a vertical expansion of SW. These fluctuations in OMZ extent are due to changes in oxygen supply into its core depth mainly from lateral margins. During the El Niño phase, the enhanced lateral oxygen supply from the subtropics is the main reason for the reduction of SW in both coastal and offshore regions. During the La Niña phase, the oxygenated subtropical waters are blocked by the poleward transport along the southern margin of the OMZ. Consequently, oxygen concentrations within the OMZ are reduced and suboxic conditions expand during La Niña. The detailed analysis of transport pathways presented here provides new insights into how ENSO variability affects the oxygen-sensitive marine biogeochemistry of the ETSP.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2585-2600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilina Jayarathne ◽  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Ashley A. Gilbert ◽  
Kaitlyn Daugherty ◽  
Mark A. Cochrane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Mass Fractions

Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected in situ from peat smoke during the 2015 El Niño peat fire episode in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty-one PM samples were collected from 18 peat fire plumes that were primarily smoldering with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) values of 0.725–0.833. PM emissions were determined and chemically characterized for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC, water-soluble ions, metals, and organic species. Fuel-based PM2.5 mass emission factors (EFs) ranged from 6.0 to 29.6 g kg−1 with an average of 17.3 ± 6.0 g kg−1. EC was detected only in 15 plumes and comprised  ∼ 1 % of PM mass. Together, OC (72 %), EC (1 %), water-soluble ions (1 %), and metal oxides (0.1 %) comprised 74 ± 11 % of gravimetrically measured PM mass. Assuming that the remaining mass is due to elements that form organic matter (OM; i.e., elements O, H, N) an OM-to-OC conversion factor of 1.26 was estimated by linear regression. Overall, chemical speciation revealed the following characteristics of peat-burning emissions: high OC mass fractions (72 %), primarily water-insoluble OC (84 ± 11 %C), low EC mass fractions (1 %), vanillic to syringic acid ratios of 1.9, and relatively high n-alkane contributions to OC (6.2 %C) with a carbon preference index of 1.2–1.6. Comparison to laboratory studies of peat combustion revealed similarities in the relative composition of PM but greater differences in the absolute EF values. The EFs developed herein, combined with estimates of the mass of peat burned, are used to estimate that 3.2–11 Tg of PM2.5 was emitted to atmosphere during the 2015 El Niño peatland fire event in Indonesia. Combined with gas-phase measurements of CO2, CO, CH4, and volatile organic carbon from Stockwell et al. (2016), it is determined that OC and EC accounted for 2.1 and 0.04 % of total carbon emissions, respectively. These in situ EFs can be used to improve the accuracy of the representation of Indonesian peat burning in emission inventories and receptor-based models.

scholarly journals Satellite-Based Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Budget in Tropical Peatland Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Haemi Park ◽  
Wataru Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuhito Ichii
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Fire Emissions

Tropical peatland ecosystems are known as large carbon (C) reservoirs and affect spatial and temporal patterns in C sinks and sources at large scales in response to climate anomalies. In this study, we developed a satellite data-based model to estimate the net biosphere exchange (NBE) in Indonesia and Malaysia by accounting for fire emissions (FE), ecosystem respiration (Re), and gross primary production (GPP). All input variables originated from satellite-based datasets, e.g., the precipitation of global satellite mapping of precipitation (GSMaP), the land surface temperature (LST) of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), the photosynthetically active radiation of MODIS, and the burned area of MODIS fire products. First, we estimated the groundwater table (GWT) by incorporating LST and precipitation into the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI). The GWT was validated using in-situ measurements, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 24.97 cm and an r-squared (R2) of 0.61. The daily GWT variations from 2002 to 2018 were used to estimate respiration (Re) based on a relationship between the in situ GWT and flux-tower-observed Re. Fire emissions are a large direct source of CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere and were estimated by using MODIS fire products and estimated biomass. The GPP was calculated based on the MODIS GPP product after parameter calibration at site scales. As a result, averages of long-term (17 years) Re, GPP, FE, and NBE from whole peatlands in the study area (6°N–11°S, 95–141°E) were 66.71, 39.15, 1.9, and 29.46 Mt C/month, respectively. We found that the NBE from tropical peatlands in the study area was greater than zero, acting as a C source. Re and FE were influenced by El Niño, and the value of the NBE was also high in the El Niño period. In future studies, the status of peatland degradation should be clarified in detail to accurately estimate the C budget by applying appropriate algorithms of Re with delineations of types of anthropogenic impacts (e.g., drainages and fires).

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