scholarly journals Compreensões Probabilísticas de Crianças Brasileiras e Portuguesas Acerca de Justiça em Jogos

Author(s):  
Rita Batista ◽  
Ana Henriques ◽  
Rute Borba

ResumoFrequentes dificuldades na compreensão probabilística exigem que se identifiquem crenças intuitivas das crianças para apoiar a promoção pedagógica dessas aprendizagens. O presente estudo versa analisar as compreensões de crianças brasileiras e portuguesas acerca de justiça em jogos, considerando demandas cognitivas da probabilidade referentes à aleatoriedade, ao espaço amostral e à comparação de probabilidades. A pesquisa envolveu a análise de seis jogos e foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista clínica com 15 crianças brasileiras e 15 portuguesas, com média de idade de 11 anos. Os resultados revelam que as crianças apresentaram facilidade em avaliar um jogo injusto quando envolvia aleatorizadores viciados e em perceber a justiça num jogo cujas regras mantinham equilíbrio, permitindo que houvesse chances iguais para os jogadores. No entanto, observou-se que apresentaram incompreensões acerca da independência de eventos, conduzindo a avaliações equivocadas sobre a justiça em jogos. Nenhuma criança conseguiu apresentar justificativa coerente quando necessário comparar probabilidades considerando eventos de espaços amostrais distintos. Também não conseguiram utilizar o raciocínio proporcional, e, portanto, não avaliaram corretamente a justiça nesses jogos. Finalmente, os resultados não apontam para diferenças substanciais nas compreensões dos dois grupos estudados. Só em termos de linguagem, as expressões mais utilizadas nas justificativas por ambos os grupos foi ‘chance’, mas as crianças brasileiras usaram mais a ‘sorte’ e as portuguesas os termos ‘possibilidade’ e ‘probabilidade’. Estes resultados implicam a necessidade de viabilizar ações pedagógicas interventivas realizadas com o apoio de jogos que se configuram num importante recurso para o redimensionamento das aprendizagens probabilísticas. Palavras-chave: Aleatoriedade. Espaço Amostral. Comparação de Probabilidades. Justiça em Jogos. Crianças. AbstractFrequent difficulties in probabilistic understanding require the identification of children's intuitive beliefs to support the pedagogical promotion of these learnings. The present study focuses on analyzing Brazilian and Portuguese children understandings about fairness in games, considering cognitive demands of probability regarding randomness, sample space and comparison of probabilities. The research involved the analysis of six games and was carried out through a clinical interview with 15 Brazilian and 15 Portuguese children, with an average age of 11 years. The results reveal that the children were able to evaluate an unfair game when it involved addicted randomizers and to perceive justice in a game whose rules maintained balance, allowing the players to have equal chances. However, it was observed that they presented misunderstandings about the independence of events, leading to mistaken assessments of fairness in games. No child was able to present a coherent justification when there was a need to compare probabilities considering events from different sample spaces. They were also unable to use proportional reasoning, and therefore did not correctly assess justice in these games. Finally, the results do not point to substantial differences in the understandings of the two groups studied. Only in the language, the most used expressions in the justifications by both groups was ‘chance’, although Brazilian children used more ‘luck’ and Portuguese used ‘possibility’ and ‘probability’. These results imply the need to make feasible interventional pedagogical actions carried out with the support of games which are an important resource for the resizing of probabilistic learning. Keywords: Randomness. Sample Space. Comparison of Probabilities. Fairness in Games. Children.

ZDM ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terezinha Nunes ◽  
Peter Bryant ◽  
Deborah Evans ◽  
Laura Gottardis ◽  
Maria-Emmanouela Terlektsi

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazura Mohd Noor ◽  
Sharifah Norul Akmar Syed Zamri ◽  
Leong Kwan Eu

This study aims to identify primary school pupils' informal understanding and solving problems strategies related to proportional. This qualitative study involved Year Five pupils who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using clinical interview technique can show the pupils' strategies and in-depth justification for each activity is shown. This article presents the analysis of the pupils' responses related to two proportional tasks. Data shows that students used various informal strategies to solve proportional problems. The findings also showed that students who have not learn ratio and proportion topic formally, could show proportional reasoning elements, such as unitizing, partitioning, and changes and quantities. The findings of this study may provide information to mathematics teachers that every student has different informal strategy to solve proportional problems based on their experiences and prior knowledge. Thus teachers need to diversify activities to encourage students' proportional thinking.


Author(s):  
Margreet Vogelzang ◽  
Christiane M. Thiel ◽  
Stephanie Rosemann ◽  
Jochem W. Rieger ◽  
Esther Ruigendijk

Purpose Adults with mild-to-moderate age-related hearing loss typically exhibit issues with speech understanding, but their processing of syntactically complex sentences is not well understood. We test the hypothesis that listeners with hearing loss' difficulties with comprehension and processing of syntactically complex sentences are due to the processing of degraded input interfering with the successful processing of complex sentences. Method We performed a neuroimaging study with a sentence comprehension task, varying sentence complexity (through subject–object order and verb–arguments order) and cognitive demands (presence or absence of a secondary task) within subjects. Groups of older subjects with hearing loss ( n = 20) and age-matched normal-hearing controls ( n = 20) were tested. Results The comprehension data show effects of syntactic complexity and hearing ability, with normal-hearing controls outperforming listeners with hearing loss, seemingly more so on syntactically complex sentences. The secondary task did not influence off-line comprehension. The imaging data show effects of group, sentence complexity, and task, with listeners with hearing loss showing decreased activation in typical speech processing areas, such as the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. No interactions between group, sentence complexity, and task were found in the neuroimaging data. Conclusions The results suggest that listeners with hearing loss process speech differently from their normal-hearing peers, possibly due to the increased demands of processing degraded auditory input. Increased cognitive demands by means of a secondary visual shape processing task influence neural sentence processing, but no evidence was found that it does so in a different way for listeners with hearing loss and normal-hearing listeners.


2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
Lisetta M. Lovett
Keyword(s):  

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-239
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Achenbach
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Davina C. D. Klein ◽  
Harold F. O'Neil ◽  
Eva L. Baker

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