Non-Mutually Exclusive Trade-off and Pecking Order Theories: A Study in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Wihandaru Sotya Pamungkas ◽  
Arni Surwanti
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Policy Implication ◽  
Research Finding ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Subsequent Research

Research aim: This study aimed to strengthen empirical evidence that the trade-off (TOT) and pecking order (POT) theories in Indonesia are non-mutually exclusive.Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a sample of 636 manufacturing companies from 2014 to 2018.Research finding: The results revealed that companies in Indonesia used a Capital Structure consistent (CS) with the TOT and POT, or in other words, the TOT and POT theories are non-mutually exclusive.Theoretical contribution/originality: This study is different from previous research on data analysis strengthened by separating underleveraged and overleveraged companies.Practitioner/Policy implication: CS in Indonesia is following the TOT if it is underleveraged and according to POT if it is overleveraged.Research limitation/implication: This study has the limitation of only using a sample of manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Subsequent research can provide comprehensive results by increasing the sample of all companies excludes the financial sector.

scholarly journals Firm Size as Moderator to Capital Structure-Its Determinants Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Maya Sari ◽  
Netti Siska N ◽  
S. Sulastri
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
The Relationship

Objective – Capital structure policy is a strategic decision related to the selection of funding sources. The best mixed of capital structure will produce a low cost of capital, which in turn can maximize the value of the company. This study aims to determine the effect of company size as a moderator on the relationship of capital structure and its determinant factors on manufacturing companies in Indonesia and Malaysia. Methodology – Data were collected from 40 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and 130 manufacturing companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia during 2008-2017. This study will analyze the determinants of capital structure consisting of liquidity, profitability, tangibility and efficiency as well as company size as a moderating variable. The research method uses panel data regression. Findings – The company size provides a moderating effect on the relationship between capital structure with liquidity, profitability, tangibility and efficiency, and this moderation effect is strengthened in large companies in Indonesia. Instead, this moderation effect is weakening for large companies in Malaysia Novelty – Research shows that the "modified pecking order" model is better able to explain the capital structure, policies of manufacturing companies in Indonesia and Malaysia compared to the traditional pecking order and trade off theory models. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Capital Structure; Pecking Order Theory; Trade Off Theory; Manufacturing Company; Moderating Effect. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Sari, M; Netti, S.N; Sulastri, S. 2019. Firm Size as Moderator to Capital Structure-Its Determinants Relations, J. Fin. Bank. Review 4 (3): 108–115 https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.3(4) JEL Classification: G23, G30, G32.

Panel Data Analysis of Determinants of Leverage in the Automobile Industry in India

GIS Business ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Vibha Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Coverage Ratio

The study tries to investigate the key determinants of capital structure of leading automobile companies and the Automobile Industry in India. The study also tracks the theory implications, i.e. trade off vs. pecking order in these firms and the industry in general. An attempt is to see, if individually each sample company and the whole industry are influenced by the same determinants of capital structure. Pooled ordinary least squares and panel data econometric techniques such as fixed effect models are used to investigate the most significant determinants that affect the capital structure choice of 10 leading companies categorized as BSE Auto Top 100 and the Automobile Industry as a whole for a period of 14 years from 2000–2001 to 2013–2014. The study reveals some interesting facts and results. Multiple regression analysis reveals that while profitability and size are significant determinants in most of the leading companies; NDTS, Growth, and Debt service coverage ratio are not significant for these companies. While the Panel data results of the Automobile Industry as a whole reveals that profitability is the only significant determinant having negative relationship with debt equity ratio; and the other variables are insignificant. Also individual companies coefficient results shows implications of mix of pecking order and trade off theories while the panel data results of the whole Industry strongly supports the Pecking order theory.

scholarly journals Determinan Leverage Optimal Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Purwanto Widodo ◽  
Juardi Juardi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Optimal Leverage ◽  
Dynamic Capital Structure

Research on capital structure, recently characterized by the use of dynamic capital structure. The use of dynamic capital structure basically wants to know the existence of optimal leverage as hypothesized by Trade-Off Theory and Speed off Adjustment (SOA) to optimal leverage. This research tries to overcome this problem, by using dynamic panel data by using company characteristics and macroeconomic factors. The use of General Method of Moment (GMM) to overcome the problem of econometrics due to the use of dynamic models. Samples taken from manufacturing companies listing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2009-2015. The inference model and the determinant behavior of capital structure can be explained by Trade-Off Theory and Pecking Order Theory. The variable characteristics of the company and macro economy are significant and are marked according to the hypothesis. The findings of this study include: the influence of profitability, size, tangibility, growth opportunity and business risk. In addition, on average companies in Indonesia can increase their debt to utilize tax shields

scholarly journals Do DJIA Firms Reflect Stationary Debt Ratios?

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Feng-Li Lin
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stationary Processes ◽  
Debt Ratio ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Growth Opportunity ◽  
Dow Jones Industrial Average ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability

To form optimum firm capital structure strategies to face unanticipated economic events, firm managers should understand the stability of a firm’s capital structure. The aim of this research was to study whether the debt ratio is stationary in listed firms on the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Two vital capital structure concepts regarding pecking order and trade-off theory are fairly contradictory. Using opposing theoretical contexts, the Sequential Panel Selection Method apparently categorizes which and how many series are stationary processes in the panel. This method was used to test the mean reverting properties of the 25 companies listed on Dow Jones Industrial Average between 2001 and 2017 in this study, which is expected to fill the current gap in the literature. The overall results show that stationary debt ratios exist in 10 of the 25 studied firms, supporting the trade-off theory. Moreover, the 10 firms utilizing trade-off theory are affected by firm size, profitability, growth opportunity, and dividend payout ratio. These results provide vital information for firms to certify strategies to optimize capital structure.

scholarly journals DETERMINATIVE FACTORS OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN THE INTEGRATED COMPANY OF OIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Henrique Machado ◽  
Carlos Roberto de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
New York Stock Exchange ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
York Stock Exchange ◽  
The Capital Structure

As decisões de financiamento têm sido amplamente discutidas em debates acadêmicos sobre finanças corporativas. Como o setor petrolífero é crucial ao desenvolvimento econômico mundial, por representar a principal fonte primária de energia, percebe-se a necessidade de pesquisa sobre este grupo de decisões direcionadas ao setor em questão. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os fatores indutores nas decisões de estrutura de capital nas companhias integradas do setor petrolífero mundial. Foram pesquisadas 18 empresas listadas na New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), considerando o período de 2005 a 2010. As variáveis estudadas foram liquidez, rentabilidade, tangibilidade, risco, tamanho, crescimento, exaustão e reposição de reservas (independentes) e dívida de curto prazo, longo prazo e total (dependente). Para a análise do comportamento das variáveis, efetuou-se o teste de regressão. Verificou-se que os principais atributos que influenciaram as decisões de financiamento no setor foram: liquidez, rentabilidade, risco e tamanho. Ademais, observou-se também que as variáveis específicas do setor, exaustão e reposição, apresentaram forte influência na estrutura de capital. Foram demonstradas evidencias de que tanto a teoria pecking-order quanto a trade-off explicam as decisões de financiamento no setor.

scholarly journals Testing capital structure theories for agricultural cooperatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxi (Lance) Cheng ◽  
Ani L. Katchova
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Trade Off

This study investigates adjustments in capital structures for agricultural cooperatives and differences before and during the agricultural downturn which started in 2013. We estimate a simultaneous equation model to test for cooperatives’ capital structure strategies based on two main theories from the corporate finance literature: the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. Estimation results reveal that agricultural cooperatives in the U.S. generally adjust to short-term financial targets for equity and debt, supporting the trade-off theory while there is little support for the pecking order theory within the agricultural cooperatives sector.

The Speed of Adjustment to the Target Market Value Leverage Is Slower Than You Think

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1946-1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qie Ellie Yin ◽  
Jay R. Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
Speed Of Adjustment ◽  
The Capital Structure

In the capital structure literature, speed of adjustment (SOA) estimates are similar whether book or market leverage is used. This robustness is suspect, given the survey evidence that firms target their book leverage and the empirical evidence that they don’t issue securities to offset market leverage changes caused by stock price changes. We show that existing market SOA estimates are substantially upward biased due to the passive influence of stock price fluctuations. Controlling for this bias, the SOA estimate is 16% for book leverage and 10% for market leverage, implying that the trade-off theory is less important than previously thought.

scholarly journals Capital structure determinants of hospitality sector SMEs

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Pacheco ◽  
Fernando Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Portuguese Economy ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
The Capital Structure

The main objective of this article is to study the capital structure determinants of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the hospitality sector and how this can influence their level of indebtedness. Using panel data methodology and considering a sample of 43 Portuguese hotels, the authors study the capital structure determinants between 2004 and 2013. The study examines the indebtedness level in light of the two main theories – the Trade-off theory and the Pecking Order theory. The hospitality sector was chosen because of its importance in the Portuguese economy and because this particular sector has hardly been studied. In addition to total indebtedness, the authors extend the literature by analysing the differences between short-term and long-term indebtedness. The results obtained suggest that profitability, assets tangibility, firm dimension, total liquidity and risk are key factors affecting the capital structure of hospitality sector SMEs, while growth, other tax benefits and age were not deemed relevant. These results allow us to conclude that Trade-off and Pecking Order theories should not be considered in isolation to explain the capital structure of hospitality sector SMEs.

scholarly journals DETERMINENTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN SUGAR INDUSTRY.

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2694-2701
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Awan ◽  
Prof. Dr ZahirFaridi ◽  
Abdullahi ShahbazAnwer Ghaz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Financial Decision

Capital structure is one of the most complex areas of financial decision making because of its inter-relationship with other financial decision variables. Poor capital structure decisions can result in a high cost of capital which decreases the value of a firm. Effective capital structure decisions decrease the cost of capital and hence the value of a firm increases.  The objective of this empirical study is to analyze the factors affecting capital structure of sugar industry in Pakistan and to check whether the results confirm or not pecking order theory and trade-off theory. Different theories of capital structure have been reviewed like Modigliani and miller theory, trade-off theory, pecking order theory and market timing theory to make assumptions regarding capital structure of sugar firms. The findings are based on empirical results using panel data techniques for a sample of 30 firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange from 2008-2011. The results show that tangibility is positively associated with leverage whereas size of the firm and liquidity are negatively associated with leverage. The results of profitability and growth opportunities are insignificant.

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