A community based study to determine incidence of cervical cancer and willingness of women to participate in cervical cancer screening program in Navsari, Gujarat, India

Background: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a major health problem faced by the Indian women. Regular cervical cytological examination by all sexually active women can prevent the occurrence of carcinoma cervix. Early detection of cervical cancer is possible with Pap smear tests. Methods: Women above 25 years of age, living in study area and want to participate in study were included. Total 2352 women were enrolled in study. House to house visits were conducted in all the village area by using simple random sampling method. Information about cervical cancer was given. Pap test for cervical cancer screening was carried out by gynaecologist. Cytological examination and confirmation was done by pathologists.Results: A total of 3001 women had attended village level IEC session and out that, 2352 (78.4%) women took part in the screening program. Out of these 2352 women, 2007 women (85.3% compliance) had given consent for physical cervical examination and Pap smear. The incidence of cervical cancer was 0.2% on the basis of clinical examination and biopsy.Conclusions: Higher compliance for undergoing vaginal examination and Pap test shows the positive health seeking behaviour of the women but for that, strong IEC and sensitization about the disease must be done to improve the participation. Sensitivity of Pap test was poor and couldn’t find true positive cases.

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CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN RURAL WOMEN POPULATION OF LUCKNOW WEST, INDIA: PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS

Era s journal of medical research ◽

10.24041/ejmr2020.41 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 239-246

Author(s):

J. S. Misra ◽

A. N. Srivastava ◽

Shivani Singh

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Women ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Life Time ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Low Grade ◽

Major Health Problem

Carcinoma cervix is a major health problem faced by Indian women and situation is very alarming in rural population because of illiteracy and poverty. There is urgent need of creating awareness regarding the risk factors of cervical cancer such as early marriage and multiparity in the rural women and the importance of early detection of the cervical cancer. With aim for providing single life time Pap smear cover to the rural women, cervical cancer screening program was initiated in May 2013 by Era's Lucknow, Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, through organizing camps in the villages of Lucknow ,west. Till December 2019, a total of 183 camps have been organized and 5209 women attended these camps (28.5%). Pap smear examination could be done in only 2912 women (55.9%). The incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) was found to be very high in these women (17.1%) though majority of SIL were of low grade (LSIL). This may be related to the poor personal genital hygiene prevailing in rural women due to illiteracy. In the present review, the SIL incidence has been extensively analyzed in relation to different predisposing factors of cervical carcinogenesis and problems faced during camp organization and the benefits derived from these camps to rural women have been highlighted.

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Attitudes Towards Cervical Cancer Screening

Californian Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.32398/cjhp.v4i2.1930 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 13-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Myriam Leyva ◽

Theresa Byrd ◽

Patrick Tarwater

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Pap Test ◽

Mexican Women ◽

Cancer Screening Program ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening Program ◽

Smear Testing

Pap smear testing continues to be the single most effective tool in reducing deaths due to cervical cancer (Watkins, Gabali, Winkleby, Gaona & Lebaron, 2002). Despite the creation of a national cervical cancer screening program, more than 4,000 women die every year in Mexico from this disease. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Mexican women regarding cervical cancer screening, and identified beliefs and barriers that may influence cervical health. All analyses compared women who had ever had a Pap test in their lives (“ever”) with women who had never had a Pap test (“never”). In bivariate analyses, the following variables were significantly associated (p

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'Have a Pap smear!' – doctors, their clients, and opportunistic cervical cancer screening

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462053420266 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 233-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L C Chingang ◽

U Bischof ◽

G Andall-Brereton ◽

O Razum

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Pap Test ◽

Community Members ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

High Incidence

In many middle-income countries with a high incidence of cervical cancer, organized screening programmes with the Pap test are being planned. We assessed the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, cervical screening among 63 doctors and 102 randomly selected community members in Trinidad where screening is still opportunistic. Doctors were well informed about cervical cancer, but not all knew the approximate specificity of the Pap test. Many did not routinely discuss the benefits and disadvantages of screening with their clients. Most women had heard of the Pap test, but only 56% knew its purpose; 25% would not participate in screening, stating reasons such as being in menopause or not having symptoms. More information about the aim of screening and the purpose of the Pap test must be communicated. Doctors need to keep their knowledge on screening up-to-date, and offer counselling that helps women to make an informed decision whether or not to participate in screening.

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Cervical cytochemistry: a potential adjunct to cytomorphology for detection of abnormal cells in cervical cancer screening

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v10i1.27880 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1639-1644

Author(s):

Indrani Krishnappa ◽

Kalyani R. ◽

Raja Parthiban ◽

Abhishek Agrawal

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Test ◽

Low Grade ◽

Smear Examination ◽

Intraepithelial Lesion

Background: Pap smear examination has been universally used as an effective screening tool for early detection of cervical carcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of Cervical Acid Phosphatase staining as an adjunct to routine Pap smear testing to improvethe sensitivity and specificity of routine Pap smear examination for cervical cancer detection. Materials and Methods: Cervical smears were taken from patients attending the gynecology department and a few cervical cancer screening programmes. One set of slides were alcohol fixed and stained with rapid pap stain and another set of slides were fixed in a special fixative and stained with Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap stain. The nuclear features of these Cervical Acid Phosphatase stained dysplastic cells was studied on Pap stain to diagnose cervical intraepithelial lesion/ malignancy. Results: Out of 489 cases included in the study 6 cases were diagnosed with intraepithelial lesion/ malignancy. On Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap stain 2 of the cases diagnosed as inflammatory smears on pap stain showed Cervical Acid Phosphatase positivity and thus were re evaluated. Mild nuclear atypia was observed in the Cervical Acid Phosphatase positive cells and these cases were diagnosed as Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and later biopsy proven to be Cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia I. Therefore Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap test was 100% sensitive and specific for cervical cancer detection. Conclusions: With 100% sensitivity Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap test satisfies the criteria of an efficient screening test.

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Organised Versus Opportunistic Cervical Cancer Screening in Urban and Rural Regions of Lithuania

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55090570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 570 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Justina Paulauskiene ◽

Rugile Ivanauskiene ◽

Erika Skrodeniene ◽

Janina Petkeviciene

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Reminder Letter ◽

Invitation Letter ◽

Personal Invitation

Background and Objectives: In 2004, Lithuania started the Nationwide Cervical Cancer Screening Programme. However, screening is more opportunistic than population-wide and the programme’s coverage is insufficient. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of systematic personal invitation on coverage of cervical cancer (CC) screening in urban and rural regions of Lithuania. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in an urban primary healthcare centre (PHCC) and in a rural PHCC, where prevailing CC screening practice was highly opportunistic. Over the first year, all women aged 25–60 who had not received a Pap smear test within the last three years in urban (n = 1591) and rural (n = 1843) PHCCs received a personal invitation letter to participate in the screening. Over the second year, the reminder letter was sent to the non-attendees (n = 1042 in urban and n = 929 in rural PHCCs). A random sample of women (n = 93), who did not attend for screening after two letters, was contacted by phone in order to identify the barriers of non-attendance. Results: Before the study, only 9.6% of the target population in urban and 14.7% in rural PHCCs participated in CC screening. After the first invitation letter, the participation in CC screening increased up to 24.6% in urban and 30.8% in rural areas (p < 0.001). After the reminder letter, the attendance was 16.4% in urban and 22.2% in rural PHCCs (p < 0.001). The most common barriers for the non-attendance were lack of time, long waiting time for family doctor’s appointment, worries that a Pap test might be unpleasant and preventive gynaecological examination outside of the screening program. Conclusions: A systematic personal invitation with one reminder letter significantly increased the coverage of CC screening and was more effective in rural regions than in urban regions. The assessed barriers for non-attendance can be used to improve the coverage of screening.

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PP62 Cost-Effectiveness Of Cervical Cancer Screening In Estonia

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462319002137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (S1) ◽

pp. 49-49

Author(s):

Triin Võrno ◽

Kaja-Triin Laisaar ◽

Terje Raud ◽

Kai Jõers ◽

Doris Meigas-Tohver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Program ◽

Pap Test ◽

Cancer Screening Program ◽

Hpv Test ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening Program ◽

The Cost

IntroductionIn Estonia, organized cervical cancer screening program is targeted at women aged 30–55(59) years and Pap-tests are taken every five years. Since cervical cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), a number of countries have introduced the HPV-test as the primary method of screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of organized cervical cancer screening program in Estonia by comparing HPV- and Pap-test based strategies.MethodsFor the cost-effectiveness analysis, a Markov cohort model was developed. The model was used to estimate costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of eight screening strategies, varying the primary screening test and triage scenarios, upper age limit of screening, and testing interval. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated in comparison to current screening practice as well as to the next best option. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying one or more similar parameter(s) at a time, while holding others at their base case value. The analysis was performed from the healthcare payer perspective adopting a five percent annual discount rate for both costs and utilities.ResultsIn the base-case scenario, ICER for HPV-test based strategies in comparison to the current screening practice was estimated at EUR 8,596–9,786 per QALY. For alternative Pap-test based strategies ICER was estimated at EUR 2,332–2,425 per QALY. In comparison to the next best option, HPV-test based strategies were dominated by Pap-test based strategies. At the cost-effectiveness threshold of EUR 10,000 per QALY Pap-testing every three years would be the cost-effective strategy for women participating in the screening program from age 30 to 63 (ICER being EUR 3,112 per QALY).ConclusionsDecreasing Pap-test based screening interval or changing to HPV-test based screening can both improve the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening program in Estonia, but based on the current cost-effectiveness study Pap-test based screening every three years should be preferred.

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Knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among Greek students: a short report

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh.2012.047 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 329-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giannoula D. Bakogianni ◽

Spiridoula C. Goutsou ◽

Maria V. Liti ◽

Sophia I. Rizopoulou ◽

Konstantinos M. Nikolakopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Test ◽

Short Report ◽

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Cervical cancer is a major cause of death in the developing world. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a screening test that detects abnormal cells before they advance to cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among Greek students. A sample of 472 female students participated in the present study. Interviews were performed using a structured questionnaire. Of the participants, 94.07% were aware of the Pap test and 67.34% reported that the Pap test should be done yearly. The majority of them were informed about cervical cancer screening test by their parents. Of the participants, 44.82% had received Pap testing at least once in their life, whereas 36.2% had a Pap test yearly. The reported mean time of the respondents’ first Pap test was 13.3±10.6 months after their first sexual intercourse. The reasons given by the participants for being noncompliant were lack of appreciation of the importance of the screening, embarrassment, fear, and high cost. Of the participants, 9.23% declared that those who had been administered the human papillomavirus vaccine do not need a Pap test. The results highlight the need for additional education and health promotion regarding cervical cancer screening.

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Cervical Cancer Screening in Nepal

Health Prospect ◽

10.3126/hprospect.v12i1.8723 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 18-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M Joshi ◽

SR Mishra

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Cancer Screening Program ◽

Special Programs ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening Program ◽

Cervical Cells

Cervical cancer screening is a process using the Pap smear to identify precancerous and potentially precancerous changes in cervical cells and tissue. Cervical cancer acts as the biggest killer and most preventable cancer in Nepalese women. This paper tries to give a brief overview of cervical cancer screening program in Nepal. Various published and unpublished literatures were obtained and reviewed from international journals, local newspapers and books. All literatures were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is chiefly the reason for cervical cancer. In majority cases, early exposure to sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners and addiction are considered as risk factor. In Developing country like Nepal, screening for cervical cancers is not easily available to people at risk. A vaccine is available which reduces the risk of HPV. The vaccine will be effective if received before the onset of sexual activities 9-13 years. Cervical cancer screening program has many difficulties in terms of limited medical services, difficult geographical terrain creating difficulties in delivering health services. Special programs needs to be designed and delivered to population focusing on reducing burden of cervical cancer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i1.8723 Health Prospect: Journal of Public Health Vol.12(1) 2013: 18-20

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Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Clinic Attendees in Trelawny, Jamaica

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/107327480701400410 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 396-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Patricia Bessler ◽

Maung Aung ◽

Pauline Jolly

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Test ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Attitudes And Practices

Background Use of the Pap test has resulted in a decline in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries. Yet, despite established cervical cancer screening programs, a significant portion of Jamaican women are not undergoing screening for cervical cancer. This study was carried out to identify factors that affect Jamaican women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer. Methods A population survey was administered to 367 clinic-attending women 25 to 54 years of age in the Parish of Trelawny from May to July of 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed the women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. Results Overall, 11% of the women had never had a Pap smear and only 38% had a Pap test within the last year. Annual visits to a health provider have a strong influence on women's decisions to regularly screen for cervical cancer. Provider recommendation also positively affected initial receipt of a Pap smear as well as continued regular screening. Conclusions Programs that promote annual health checkups, encourage consistent provider recommendations, and emphasize screening as a preventive measure might positively influence women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer.

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