scholarly journals A literature based on entry and development of human immunodeficiency virus into the human host

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Arif Billah ◽  
Mosharaf Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Western Gorilla ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

<p>HIV is a global threat cause of millions of lives and evolved as one of the most dangerous epidemics in the recent era. Among all other viruses infect human, the nature, evolution and development of HIV have fluctuated. This paper is constructed by focusing on a brief of entry and development of HIV into the human being based on the literature. Summary of the paper clarifies that, HIV spillover from chimpanzees, mangabey and western gorilla to the human being and mutated from SIV into HIV long before from discovery in several possible human-animal contacts in Africa. Genetic mutations also found significant into the human host and several subgroups of HIV was identified. Possible ways of entry to the human host are distinguished as the exposure of horizontal and verticle transmission of HIV where the relative risks of these exposures were also quantified. The development process after exposure by HIV is found similar regarding the ways of transmission. Untreated subjects have shown different immunological dysfunction, even death, depending on the severity of the HIV and consequences of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.</p>

scholarly journals The origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Darwinian or Lamarckian?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Burr ◽  
J. M. Hyman ◽  
Gerald Myers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) group M exhibit a remarkable similarity in their between–subtype distances, which we refer to as high synchrony. The shape of the phylogenetic tree of these subtypes is referred to as a sunburst to distinguish it from a simple star phylogeny. Neither a sunburst pattern nor a comparable degree of symmetry is seen in a natural process such as in feline immunodeficiency virus evolution. We therefore have undertaken forward–process simulation studies employing coalescent theory to investigate whether such highly synchronized subtypes could be readily produced by natural Darwinian evolution. The forward model includes both classical (macro) and molecular (micro) epidemiological components. HIV–1 group M subtype synchrony is quantified using the standard deviation of the between–subtype distances and the average of the within–subtype distances. Highly synchronized subtypes and a sunburst phylogeny are not observed in our simulated data, leading to the conclusion that a quasi–Lamarckian, punctuated event occurred. The natural transfer theory for the origin of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot easily be reconciled with these findings and it is as if a recent non–Darwinian process took place coincident with the rise of AIDS in Africa.

Operation “Denver”

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-80
Author(s):  
Douglas Selvage
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Soviet Leader ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
State Security ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
East German ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Abstract This second part of a two-part article moves ahead in showing how the East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) came to play a key role in the disinformation campaign launched by the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) in 1983 regarding the origins of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The KGB launched the campaign itself, but in the mid-1980s it sought to widen the effort by enlisting the cooperation of intelligence services in other Warsaw Pact countries, especially the Stasi. From the autumn of 1986 until November 1989, the Stasi played a central role in the disinformation campaign. Despite pressure from the U.S. government and a general inclination of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to curtail the campaign by the end of 1987, both the KGB and the USSR's official Novosti press agency continued until 1989 to spread false allegations that HIV was a U.S. biological weapon. Even after the KGB curtailed its disinformation in 1989, the Stasi continued to disseminate falsehoods, not least because it had successfully maintained plausible deniability regarding its role in the campaign. The Stasi worked behind the scenes to support the work of Soviet–East German scientists Jakob Segal and Lilli Segal and to facilitate dissemination of the Segals’ views in West Germany and Great Britain, especially through the leftwing media, and to purvey broader disinformation about HIV/AIDS by attacking U.S. biological and chemical weapons in general.

Lazarus and Group Psychotherapy: AIDS in the Era of Protease Inhibitors

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
George V. Gushue ◽  
Sarah J. Brazaitis
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
New Class ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

A new class of medications, protease inhibitors, has dramatically improved the health of many people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This development has had a major impact on the lives of those affected by HIV/AIDS. This article considers how a group is affected by the larger systems of which it is a part. The article examines changes in the content, process, and salient leadership tasks of an ongoing therapy group for people with HIV and AIDS before and following the initial introduction of new medical treatments. It also considers how the group process continues to be affected by the more recent failure of these medications for many patients. Implications for research, practice, and training are discussed.

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