scholarly journals Molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Community acquired pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Roy S Latha ◽  
Gayathri Devi D R
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Selection ◽  
Atypical Pathogens ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Antibiotic Selection Pressure

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a common and serious illness despite availability of potent anti-microbials and effective vaccine. Two types of CAP are commonly recognised - typical and atypical. Typical pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catharralis, whereas, atypical pneumonia can be caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneuomophila. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is found to be the most common cause of CAP among atypical pathogens and is called “Walking pneumonia”. It is a common atypical respiratory pathogen that produces diseases of varied severity ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe atypical pneumonia and is also responsible for producing a wide spectrum of non-pulmonary manifestations like neurological, hepatic, cardiac diseases, hemolytic anemia, polyarthritis and erythema multiforme which occur in as many as 25% of infected persons. As it lacks cell wall they are resistant to β lactam antibiotics, hence accurate and rapid diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections is critical to initiate appropriate antibiotic treatment. Identification of M pneumoniae allows narrowing of initial empirical regimen which decreases antibiotic selection pressure and may lessen the risk of resistance. In view of this present study will be conducted in a tertiary care hospital for identification of M pneumoniae in cases of CAP by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 1. To detect proportion of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae among cases of CAP. 2. Detection of 16SrRNA Mycoplasma pneumoniae by PCR.Clinico-radiologically diagnosed 92 CAP patients were included in the study. Out of which 15 cases were caused by typical CAP pathogens like Streptococcus species, K.pneumoniae & M.tuberculosis. Samples (Sputum Bronchoalveolar lavages) from 77 suspected cases of atypical pneumonia are inoculated on PPLO broth (Difco) followed by identification of genus specific 16S rRNA Mycoplasma pneumoniae using PCR. PCR was found to be positive in 9 (11.68%) out of 77 CAP patients. PCR was found to be positive in 9 (11.68%) out of 77 CAP patients. Detection of M.pneumoniae is essential for prompt diagnosis and start of empirical therapy, thereby reducing antibiotic selection pressure.

scholarly journals Detection of Atypical Pathogens in Community Acquired Pneumonia by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Partha Guchhait ◽  
Doddarangappa Rangaswamy Gayathri Devi ◽  
VA Indumathi ◽  
TS Deepak
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Atypical Pathogens

Introduction: Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), as the name suggests, is acquired at the community level, and symptoms usually develop within 48 hours. There are two types of CAP, namely, typical and atypical. Typical pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Coxiella burnetii, as well as respiratory viruses, such as Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Influenza viruses A and B, and Parainfluenza viruses 1,2,3, among others. Typical and atypical CAP can be distinguished by the absence or presence of extrapulmonary symptoms. Aim: To elucidate the proportion of atypical respiratory pathogens that cause CAP in a tertiary care hospital setting. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Chest Medicine and Microbiology of MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The study included 202 patients, aged 18 years and above with clinical and radiological features of CAP. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) was carried out to detect the pathogens. Results: The prevalence of atypical pathogens was 33.17% among all CAP patients. Atypical pneumonia was more prevalent in males and in the age group of >61 years. The most common pathogens included Mycoplasma pneumoniae (12.38%) followed by Legionella pneumophila (9.90%) and influenza A (5.94%). Typical pneumonia was primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.49%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.49%), and Haemophilus influenzae (0.49%). Mixed infections occurred in 16 patients. Conclusion: Active screening for CAP is needed in all wards and Intensive Care Units (ICU), as more patients with CAP are increasingly being admitted to ICU. Data on the proportion of atypical CAP will help to use antibiotics prudently for a better prognosis, thereby preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Postvaccination Increase in Serotype 19A Pneumococcal Disease in Norway Is Driven by Expansion of Penicillin-Susceptible Strains of the ST199 Complex

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didrik F. Vestrheim ◽  
Martin Steinbakk ◽  
Ingeborg S. Aaberge ◽  
Dominique A. Caugant
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Selection ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Rapid Replacement ◽  
Antibiotic Selection Pressure

ABSTRACTSerotype replacement in invasive pneumococcal disease has been observed after widespread use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Replacement is dominated by penicillin-nonsusceptible serotype 19A in several countries. Antibiotic selection pressure has been proposed to interact with immunization, leading to rapid replacement. In Norway, where prescription of antibiotics is limited, post-PCV7 replacement by serotype 19A is dominated by penicillin-susceptible clones. Hence, serotype 19A replacement occurs, although it is not driven by antibiotic selection pressure.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Selection Pressure and Resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniaeandStreptococcus pyogenes

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner C. Albrich ◽  
Dominique L. Monnet ◽  
Stephan Harbarth
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Antibiotic Selection ◽  
Antibiotic Selection Pressure

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of IgM Antibody in Atypical Pneumonia Causing Pathogens by Pneumoslide, IFA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Puneeta Singh ◽  
Shalabh Malik ◽  
Vandana Lal
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Atypical Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Atypical bacterial and viral pathogens play an important role in atypical pneumonia are responsible for one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Objective: The purpose of this study to determine the prevalence of bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute atypical pneumonia in different age groups and seasonality patterns of prevalence in India. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 680 samples tested during December 2018 to August 2019, performed at Microbiology department of Dr. Lal Path Labs. Serum samples were used for Pneumoslide IgM test diagnose 9 Atypical bacterial & viral pathogens: Legionella pneumophila (LP), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Coxiella burnetti (COX), Chlamydophila pneumonia (CP) Adenovirus (ADV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Influenza A (INFA), Influenza B (INFB), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3(PIVs). Results: Of a total 477(70.1%) samples were positive for atypical pneumonia pathogens. Atypical pneumonia was seen in extremes of age ie: <=5 years and >60 elderly adults without much of a gender bias. Co infections was seen in 62.1%. Legionella pneumophila (42.5%) was the dominant pathogen followed by Influenza B (41.7%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae (33.4%), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3 (29.4%) respectively. Atypical pneumonia has a spring predominance that is peaking in March. Conclusion: Among six predominant atypical pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Influenza B was most predominant pathogens, as a causative agent of atypical pneumonia followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae seen mostly in young (0-5 years) comparison to all age groups. Hence, Pneumoslide IgM as a multi panel test needed to ensure initiation of targeted therapy. Pneumoslide IgM, by IFA is a rapid, cost effective easy to identify & classify atypical pneumonia causing pathogens.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Harun Agca
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common causative agent of community-acquired and atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae-associated respiratory tract infections are most often mild and self-limiting in nature, and severe courses of disease are not common. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to analyze respiratory samples of hospitalized patients by real-time (RT) PCR for M. pneumoniae infections. Methodology: In this study, hospitalized patients with respiratory symptoms including nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal discharge, wheezing, sore throat and cough, were tested for Mycoplasma pneumoniae between April 2018 and March 2020 and the results of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results: We retrospectively investigated the results of 1245 nasopharyngeal swab samples. Records of 693 (55.7%) male and 552 (44.3%) female patients between 0-93 years were investigated.All of the patients were below 26 years. There were 37 M. pneumoniae positive patients and the highest M. pneumoniae positivity was in 2-5 age group, with 16 children. M. pneumoniae positivity rate was highest in the 0-1 age group with 8.3%. There were 19 co-infections with viruses and rhino/enterovirus (n=12) was the most frequent accompanying virus. Conclusion: M. pneumonia infections are found in about 3% of respiratory samples. M. pneumoniae is usually a part of co-infections accompanied by bacteria and viruses. Patients with respiratory infection symptoms should be diagnosed with multiplex rapid PCR panels including M. pneumoniae.

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