A Stochastic Frontier Approach Applied to Farms to Selected Andean Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Otávio Freitas ◽  
Felipe de F. Silva ◽  
Mateus C. R. Neves
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Approach ◽  
Technical Inefficiency ◽  
The Road ◽  
Andean Countries ◽  
Stochastic Production ◽  
On The Road

In this paper, we estimate a stochastic production function for Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru to investigate whether road infrastructure affects farm technical inefficiency. We use agricultural censuses of Colombia and Bolivia in 2013 and 2014, respectively; national agricultural surveys in 2017 of both Ecuador and Peru; and data on the road network and travel time to the nearest town with 50,000 inhabitants or more. Our main findings are that irrigation increases the value of production and road network decreases farm technical inefficiency, that is, road density (travel time) increases (decreases) farm technical efficiency.

Agricultural Total Factor Productivity and Road Infrastructure in South American Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus C. R. Neves ◽  
Felipe De Figueiredo Silva ◽  
Carlos Otávio Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
South American ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Technical Inefficiency ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Andean Countries

In this working paper, we estimate agricultural total factor productivity (Ag TFP) for South American countries over the period 19692016 and identify how road density affect technical efficiency. In 2015, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, the Andean countries, had 205,000; 166,000; 96,000; 89,000; and 43,000 kilometers of roads, respectively. A poor-quality and limited road network, along with inaccessibility to markets, might limit the ability of farms to efficiently manage production inputs, raising technical inefficiency. We find that the Ag TFP growth rate per year for South American countries, on average, is 1.5%. For the Andean countries, we find an even smaller growth rate per year of 1.4% on average. Our findings suggest that higher road density is associated with lower technical inefficiency.

scholarly journals HOV access location analysis at Erin Mills Parkway and Highway 403

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makael Kakakhel
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Location Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Micro Simulation ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hov Lanes

High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are one [of] the most commonly used methods to reduce the number of vehicles on the road network. HOV provides a faster and reliable option to single occupancy vehicles, thus inducing more people to car pool. The success of HOV lanes depends on the reduction of travel time and increased trip reliability. Therefore, in order to reduce travel time and improve trip reliability this study emphasizes on the HOV access location relative to an access ramp. In this case we have chosen the interchange at Erin Mills Parkway and Highway 403 as a subject of our study. The study was divided into 2 parts, namely the field review and simulation of different options in order to optimize the HOV access location. During the field review it was found that 75% of the vehicles are in a position to enter the HOV lane 200m upstream of the exiting access location. Also, approximately 35% of vehicles were jumping the buffer before the start of the access location. In the second part of the study a total of 6 options were explored using VISSIM micro simulation software. The results of the simulation showed that the access location 200m downstream of the Speed Change Lane with a total access length of 600m is the best option. In addition, it was found that buffer separated HOV lane operate better then HOV lane without a buffer zone. This can be attributed to the increase of HOV lane for short trips, which increases the traffic volume on the HOV lane.

scholarly journals HOV access location analysis at Erin Mills Parkway and Highway 403

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makael Kakakhel
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Location Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Micro Simulation ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hov Lanes

High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are one [of] the most commonly used methods to reduce the number of vehicles on the road network. HOV provides a faster and reliable option to single occupancy vehicles, thus inducing more people to car pool. The success of HOV lanes depends on the reduction of travel time and increased trip reliability. Therefore, in order to reduce travel time and improve trip reliability this study emphasizes on the HOV access location relative to an access ramp. In this case we have chosen the interchange at Erin Mills Parkway and Highway 403 as a subject of our study. The study was divided into 2 parts, namely the field review and simulation of different options in order to optimize the HOV access location. During the field review it was found that 75% of the vehicles are in a position to enter the HOV lane 200m upstream of the exiting access location. Also, approximately 35% of vehicles were jumping the buffer before the start of the access location. In the second part of the study a total of 6 options were explored using VISSIM micro simulation software. The results of the simulation showed that the access location 200m downstream of the Speed Change Lane with a total access length of 600m is the best option. In addition, it was found that buffer separated HOV lane operate better then HOV lane without a buffer zone. This can be attributed to the increase of HOV lane for short trips, which increases the traffic volume on the HOV lane.

scholarly journals Politics, industry, and tourism: The conceptual construction of the blue highway

2020 ◽  
pp. 002252662097950
Author(s):  
Fredrik Bertilsson
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Road ◽  
Conceptual Construction ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Post War

This article contributes to the research on the expansion of the Swedish post-war road network by illuminating the role of tourism in addition to political and industrial agendas. Specifically, it examines the “conceptual construction” of the Blue Highway, which currently stretches from the Atlantic Coast of Norway, traverses through Sweden and Finland, and enters into Russia. The focus is on Swedish governmental reports and national press between the 1950s and the 1970s. The article identifies three overlapping meanings attached to the Blue Highway: a political agenda of improving the relationships between the Nordic countries, industrial interests, and tourism. Political ambitions of Nordic community building were clearly pronounced at the onset of the project. Industrial actors depended on the road for the building of power plants and dams. The road became gradually more connected with the view of tourism as the motor of regional development.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION OF ENGINEERING BY ECONOMICS: McFADDEN AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROAD DEMAND ESTIMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-278
Author(s):  
Ariane Dupont-Kieffer ◽  
Sylvie Rivot ◽  
Jean-Loup Madre
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Demand Estimation ◽  
Demand Modeling ◽  
The Road ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The 1960S

The golden age of road demand modeling began in the 1950s and flourished in the 1960s in the face of major road construction needs. These macro models, as well as the econometrics and the data to be processed, were provided mainly by engineers. A division of tasks can be observed between the engineers in charge of estimating the flows within the network and the transport economists in charge of managing these flows once they are on the road network. Yet the inability to explain their decision-making processes and individual drives gave some room to economists to introduce economic analysis, so as to better understand individual or collective decisions between transport alternatives. Economists, in particular Daniel McFadden, began to offer methods to improve the measure of utility linked to transport and to inform the engineering approach. This paper explores the challenges to the boundaries between economics and engineering in road demand analysis.

Analysis on an Effect from the Build-up of Incident Management System

2011 ◽  
Vol 271-273 ◽  
pp. 651-656
Author(s):  
Sung Han Lim
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Management System ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
On The Road

If an incident occurs on the road, the normal flow of traffic stream is interrupted and the road capacity reduces. This thus leads to huge social, economical losses, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, etc. This study was conducted to examine an effect on an incident management system by carrying out an simulation analysis and an social cost analysis. For the simulation analysis, incidents in a normal situation were compared with those in an incidental situation and thus travel time, queue length, and accident duration were selected as an evaluation indicator. It was analyzed that after an incident situation occurs, the length of vehicle in waiting rapidly increases and thus travel time also largely increases. To make an social cost analysis, vehicle operation cost (VOC) and vehicle operation time (VOT) were used an index. The results showed that travel time cost per driver and vehicle in an incidental situation all increased, compared with that in a normal situation. It was also observed that the longer the lasting hours are, the higher the travel time increases.

scholarly journals Macroscopic dynamics and the collapse of urban traffic

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (50) ◽  
pp. 12654-12661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis E. Olmos ◽  
Serdar Çolak ◽  
Sajjad Shafiei ◽  
Meead Saberi ◽  
Marta C. González
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Nonequilibrium Phase Transition ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Capacity ◽  
Total Vehicle ◽  
The Individual

Stories of mega-jams that last tens of hours or even days appear not only in fiction but also in reality. In this context, it is important to characterize the collapse of the network, defined as the transition from a characteristic travel time to orders of magnitude longer for the same distance traveled. In this multicity study, we unravel this complex phenomenon under various conditions of demand and translate it to the travel time of the individual drivers. First, we start with the current conditions, showing that there is a characteristic time τ that takes a representative group of commuters to arrive at their destinations once their maximum density has been reached. While this time differs from city to city, it can be explained by Γ, defined as the ratio of the vehicle miles traveled to the total vehicle distance the road network can support per hour. Modifying Γ can improve τ and directly inform planning and infrastructure interventions. In this study we focus on measuring the vulnerability of the system by increasing the volume of cars in the network, keeping the road capacity and the empirical spatial dynamics from origins to destinations unchanged. We identify three states of urban traffic, separated by two distinctive transitions. The first one describes the appearance of the first bottlenecks and the second one the collapse of the system. This collapse is marked by a given number of commuters in each city and it is formally characterized by a nonequilibrium phase transition.

scholarly journals Measures to optimize traffic and the environment. Calculations of environmental safety on a given section of the Rostov-on-Don road network

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
R. S. Durov ◽  
◽  
E. V. Varnakova ◽  
K. O. Kobzev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
On The Road ◽  
State Of The Environment

Introduction. One of the most pressing socio-economic problems is the state of the environment, which affects the living conditions of many people. The article deals with the problem areas of the intersection of 20-ya Liniya street – Sholokhov Avenue in Rostov-on-Don. Problem Statement. The purpose of this paper is to improve environmental safety at the intersection of 20-ya Liniya street – Sholokhov Avenue in Rostov-on-Don by reducing emissions from road transport through the proposed measures to reorganize traffic on this section of the road network. Theoretical Part. The article provides an assessment of environmental and road safety on the road network section before applying the proposed measures. The measures are listed and justified that would help improve the conditions for road transport at the selected intersection and reduce emissions from road transport, which would improve environmental safety. The calculation of environmental indicators was made after the proposed measures to reduce NOx emissions by cars. Conclusion. The article analyzes the environmental indicators before and after the events, and then compares them. Based on the analysis and calculations, it is determined how much the proposed measures to optimize traffic will help reduce NOx emissions by cars.

scholarly journals Two-Layer Routing for High-Voltage Powerline Inspection by Cooperated Ground Vehicle and Drone

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Liu ◽  
Jianmai Shi ◽  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Jincai Huang ◽  
Tianren Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Technical Improvement ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Ground Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
On The Road

A novel high-voltage powerline inspection system is investigated, which consists of the cooperated ground vehicle and drone. The ground vehicle acts as a mobile platform that can launch and recycle the drone, while the drone can fly over the powerline for inspection within limited endurance. This inspection system enables the drone to inspect powerline networks in a very large area. Both vehicle’ route in the road network and drone’s routes along the powerline network have to be optimized for improving the inspection efficiency, which generates a new two-layer point-arc routing problem. Two constructive heuristics are designed based on “Cluster First, Rank Second” and “Rank First, Split Second”. Then local search strategies are developed to further improve the quality of the solution. To test the performance of the proposed algorithms, practical cases with different-scale are designed based on the road network and powerline network of Ji’an, China. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters related with the drone’s inspection speed and battery capacity is conducted. Computational results indicate that technical improvement on the inspection sensor is more important for the cooperated ground vehicle and drone system.

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