“The Peacekeeping Mission of the Christian Churches in the 20th Century” (May 22—23, 2018. Vatican)

This article analyzes the activities of children and youth organizations with a pronounced national pedagogical component. It is noted that the progressive development of these organizations acquired the features of consistency at the turn of the 20th century. Social movement in the student environment is associated with education in many educational institutions in Western Ukraine's school communities. With their help, Ukrainian literary circles, theatres, libraries were created, which, on the one hand, contributed to the youth’s self-education, on the other – reflected the people's pedagogical experience of teaching and upbringing of children accumulated over centuries; student societies often issued their periodicals. The ethnopedagogical component of the activities of created youth organizations and movements ("Sokil", "Sich", "Plast", "Lugh", Kamenyary”, "Dorist", etc.) is analyzed. People's pedagogical foundations of their activities expressed in moral and ethical principles, included, as a rule, the upbringing of a healthy body and spirit of the young generation of the Ukrainian nation, love for Ukraine, concern for the national honour, the development of a strong character, ability and aptitude for daily work and cohesion. The connection between the content of the activities of youth organizations and movements and the leading ethnopedagogical concepts is highlighted: Family (these public organizations declared and embodied the enduring value of the Ukrainian family as the most important unit of national education and the formation of a Ukrainian patriotic character), language (all youth societies of the late XIX - early decades of the 20th century were Ukrainian-speaking and considered the Ukrainian language as an indispensable basis for their nationally oriented activities), Faith (each of the youth organizations had representatives of Christian churches, most often - Greek Catholic), Society (each of such organization was itself a community, implemented a social model of functioning and management; the collective nature of decision-making provided youth organizations with wide popularity and respect among the Western Ukrainian national-conscious community).

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Christianity in Hawaiʻi

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.406 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ronald Williams Jr.

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

20Th Century ◽

The United States ◽

Foreign Missions ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

Kanaka Maoli ◽

American Missionaries ◽

Protestant Church ◽

Christian Churches ◽

Hawaiian Kingdom

On January 17, 1893, Her Majesty Queen Liliʻuokalani, sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom, was overthrown in a coup de main led by a faction of business leaders comprised largely of descendants of the 1820 American Protestant mission to the “Sandwich Islands.” Rev. Charles Hyde, an officer of the ecclesiastic Papa Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Board) declared, “Hawaii is the first Country in which the American missionaries have labored, whose political relations to the United States have been changed as a result of missionary labors.” The actions of these “Sons of the Mission” were enabled by U.S. naval forces landed from the USS Boston the evening prior. Despite blatant and significant connections between early Christian missionaries to Hawaiʻi and their entrepreneurial progeny, the 1893 usurpation of native rule was not the result of a teleological seventy-year presence in the Hawaiian Kingdom by the American Protestant Church. An 1863 transfer of authority over the Hawaiian mission from the Boston-based American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) to the local ʻAhahui ʻEuanelio o Hawaiʻi (AEH) (Hawaiian Evangelical Association) served as a pivotal inflection point that decidedly altered the original mission, driving a political and economic agenda masked only by the professed goals of the ecclesiastic institution. Christianity, conveyed to the Hawaiian Islands initially by representatives of the ABCFM, became a contested tool of religio-political significance amidst competing foreign and native claims on leadership in both church and state. In the immediate aftermath of the January 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom government, this introduced religion became a central tool of the Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) struggle for a return of their queen and the continued independence of their nation. Native Christian patriots organized and conducted a broad array of political actions from within the churches of the AEH using claims on Ke Akua (God) and Christianity as a foundation for their vision of continued native rule. These efforts were instrumental in the defeat of two proposed treaties of annexation of their country—1893 and 1897—before the United States, declaring control of the archipelago a strategic necessity in fighting the Spanish/Filipino–American War, took possession of Hawaiʻi in late 1898. Widespread Americanization efforts in the islands during the early 20th century filtered into Hawaiʻi’s Christian churches, transforming many of these previous focal points of relative radicalism into conservative defenders of the American way. A late-20th-century resurgence of cultural and political activism among Kanaka Maoli, fostered by a “Hawaiian Renaissance” begun in the 1970s, has driven a public and academic reexamination of the past and present role of Christianity in this current-day American outpost in the center of the Pacific.

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Daylighting of the Newest Christian Churches

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2021-037 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107-115

Author(s):

Elena V. Ermolenko

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Internal Space ◽

Cultural Tradition ◽

Symbolic Language ◽

Interior Decoration ◽

External Appearance ◽

Christian Churches ◽

Spatial Changes ◽

Common Principle ◽

The Temple

Semantic and spatial changes in the options for using daylight compared to tradition are presented, based on the analysis of the architectural solutions applied in a number of modern Christian churches. According to popular belief, sunlight is used in most modern temples only as an architectural technique proving the skill of an architect, and as a means of interior decoration. The study showed that behind the abstract modern methods of illumination a temple, there is a deep connection with the earlier cultural tradition. Sunlight was one of the key means used for decorating interiors of Christian churches. The light pouring from windows of the dome drum or cutting through the twilight of the extended naves, highlighting an apse with the altar, or emphasizing the beauty of the sculpture, was the conductor of the Divine on earth. The quintessence of the presentation of “divine light” in architecture, which clearly shows the connection between God and man, are the Gothic monuments. From the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century, temple architecture was rapidly changing. Renowned innovator architects of the 20th century offered their own vision of a modern temple. The extreme degree of individualization of the new objects of cult was based on a common principle: the rejection of the symbolic language traditional for Christianity. The architects were not tied to metaphors and images of biblical subjects. They boldly changed both the external appearance of a temple and the construction of its internal space, hence, its system of daylighting. Traditionally, sunlight was the semantic filling of the temple space. As a result of the present study, it has been shown that in the newest Christian churches, daylighting techniques, in their essence, replace the pictorial filling of the temple space with religious content. At the same time, the same techniques function as a modern interpretation for a number of traditional architectural methods used for lighting design of the temple space. By the examples of the works by Studio Zermani e Associati, Mark Cavagnero Associates, Vicens + Ramos, Königs architekten, modern interpretation versions for the themes of retablo, glowing cross, highlighting the altar space, and illumination of gilded surfaces are shown, and the upper and side illumination features of the newest temples are revealed.

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Following Christ with Great Joy: Christians Called to Reconciliation

Transformation An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies ◽

10.1177/0265378809353471 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

Leonid Kishkovsky

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Jesus Christ ◽

National Council ◽

Christian Churches ◽

Faith Stories ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

Christian Families ◽

National Council Of Churches ◽

American Catholic

A brief description of the 20th century ecumenical journey and the Global Christian Forum (GCF) provides the setting for some specific reflections from the US context and the Orthodox perspective. A development similar to the GCF has led to the formation of Christian Churches Together in the USA which is more inclusive of the five Christian families in the USA (Afro-American, Catholic, Evangelical and Pentecostal, Orthodox, Protestant) than the National Council of Churches. The experience of CCT has shown that the GCF meets an urgent need of our time: enabling all Christian churches to encounter one another in Jesus Christ through the sharing of faith stories. The Orthodox faith story is about the presence of the Kingdom among us, the eschatological character of life, the source of which is the Eucharist, and the joy of seeing the Risen Christ in the neighbor.

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Summary

Ukrainian Religious Studies ◽

10.32420/1997.6.130 ◽

1997 ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Editorial board Of the Journal

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

National Security ◽

20Th Century ◽

Catholic Church ◽

Early Christianity ◽

Educational Activity ◽

Free World ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Christian Churches ◽

Security Problem

In the Bulettin there are published the papers by V. Lytvynenko “The Christian Churches of Ukraine in the Context of the National Security Problem”, V. Klimov ”The Vasilians in Ukraine: 380 Years of Activity”, G. Kramarenko “The Developmemt of the UAOC Branches in the Free World and Their Fate” , P. Pavlenko “The Idea of a Personality Becoming in the Early Christianity”, V. Pisots‟kyi “Tolarance as a Tool to Solve Interconfessional Conflicts”, V. Perevezii “The Educational Activity of Greek-Catholic Church in the 20-30ties Years of the 20th Century”, A Moscovchuk “Adventism in Ukraine: Attitude to National and Cultural Traditions and Modern Phenomena”, N. Zvonok “The Spiritual Search of the Masters in of Literature”, N. Fatyushyna “The Word of the Saint Gregoryi: an Approach to Comparative Study of the Supernatural”.

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When East Meets West and North Meets South: The Reconciling Mission of the Christian Churches

Transformation An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies ◽

10.1177/0265378809351794 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54

Author(s):

Cheryl Bridges Johns

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

New Delhi ◽

The South ◽

Centre Of Gravity ◽

Christian Churches ◽

Global Christianity ◽

World Council ◽

New Form ◽

New Generation ◽

North And South

The two assumptions of this article are that the mainstream ecumenical paradigm of the 20th century is no longer viable, and that the gifts of global Christianity are adequate for the cause of mission and unity. The Christian landscape has vastly changed. Its centre of gravity has shifted to the South. A new form of ecumenism is needed. The vision of unity ‘made visible as all in each place who are baptized into Jesus Christ’ (World Council Assembly, New Delhi, 1961), which involves death and rebirth, is now a calling for a new generation. Constructing a new ecumenical table requires re-conception and re-visioning. North and South are henceforth equal partners.The gifts of Christianity in North and South must be re-conceived.The journey toward Christian unity must be re-visioned. For a viable future there will need to be conversion, openness and humility.

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God in de economie

HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies ◽

10.4102/hts.v68i1.1248 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Toine Van den Hoogen

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Theological Reflection ◽

Constructivist Approach ◽

Critical Question ◽

Human Culture ◽

Christian Churches

God in economics? During the 20th century, in Christian churches and amongst Christian theologians a new interest was found in economics as an object of theological reflection. This article researches the nature of such theological reflection, amongst others from the critical question of how a connection can be made between a constructivist approach of theology and the analysis by today’s economic sciences of the market as an important horizon of human culture and of human communities.

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