Daylighting of the Newest Christian Churches

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Elena V. Ermolenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Common Principle ◽  
The Temple

Semantic and spatial changes in the options for using daylight compared to tradition are presented, based on the analysis of the architectural solutions applied in a number of modern Christian churches. According to popular belief, sunlight is used in most modern temples only as an architectural technique proving the skill of an architect, and as a means of interior decoration. The study showed that behind the abstract modern methods of illumination a temple, there is a deep connection with the earlier cultural tradition. Sunlight was one of the key means used for decorating interiors of Christian churches. The light pouring from windows of the dome drum or cutting through the twilight of the extended naves, highlighting an apse with the altar, or emphasizing the beauty of the sculpture, was the conductor of the Divine on earth. The quintessence of the presentation of “divine light” in architecture, which clearly shows the connection between God and man, are the Gothic monuments. From the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century, temple architecture was rapidly changing. Renowned innovator architects of the 20th century offered their own vision of a modern temple. The extreme degree of individualization of the new objects of cult was based on a common principle: the rejection of the symbolic language traditional for Christianity. The architects were not tied to metaphors and images of biblical subjects. They boldly changed both the external appearance of a temple and the construction of its internal space, hence, its system of daylighting. Traditionally, sunlight was the semantic filling of the temple space. As a result of the present study, it has been shown that in the newest Christian churches, daylighting techniques, in their essence, replace the pictorial filling of the temple space with religious content. At the same time, the same techniques function as a modern interpretation for a number of traditional architectural methods used for lighting design of the temple space. By the examples of the works by Studio Zermani e Associati, Mark Cavagnero Associates, Vicens + Ramos, Königs architekten, modern interpretation versions for the themes of retablo, glowing cross, highlighting the altar space, and illumination of gilded surfaces are shown, and the upper and side illumination features of the newest temples are revealed.

scholarly journals Restoration Work in the Main Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Urszula Kraśniewska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Mediterranean Archaeology ◽  
The University ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari was, starting from the early 18th century, gradually discovered, and has been analyzed by many researchers and scientists. In the late 19th century E. Naville was the first to concentrate to an significant extent on the Sanctuary rooms, which resulted in the elaboration of a vast architectural description prepared by Somers Clarke, his cooperator. In the early 20th century, Herbert Winlock conducted studies and analyses of the Sanctuary rooms. In 1961, a concession for conducting works was assigned to the Polish Station of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, directed by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. Since that time, Polish Missions have conducted numerous architectural and conservation as well as epigraphic works, gradually ordering and reconstructing the Sanctuary.

scholarly journals YOUTH PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNIC PEDAGOGICS OF WESTERN UKRAINIANS

2021 ◽  
pp. 278-288
Author(s):  
Halyna Rusyn
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
School Communities ◽  
National Education ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Christian Churches

This article analyzes the activities of children and youth organizations with a pronounced national pedagogical component. It is noted that the progressive development of these organizations acquired the features of consistency at the turn of the 20th century. Social movement in the student environment is associated with education in many educational institutions in Western Ukraine's school communities. With their help, Ukrainian literary circles, theatres, libraries were created, which, on the one hand, contributed to the youth’s self-education, on the other – reflected the people's pedagogical experience of teaching and upbringing of children accumulated over centuries; student societies often issued their periodicals. The ethnopedagogical component of the activities of created youth organizations and movements ("Sokil", "Sich", "Plast", "Lugh", Kamenyary”, "Dorist", etc.) is analyzed. People's pedagogical foundations of their activities expressed in moral and ethical principles, included, as a rule, the upbringing of a healthy body and spirit of the young generation of the Ukrainian nation, love for Ukraine, concern for the national honour, the development of a strong character, ability and aptitude for daily work and cohesion. The connection between the content of the activities of youth organizations and movements and the leading ethnopedagogical concepts is highlighted: Family (these public organizations declared and embodied the enduring value of the Ukrainian family as the most important unit of national education and the formation of a Ukrainian patriotic character), language (all youth societies of the late XIX - early decades of the 20th century were Ukrainian-speaking and considered the Ukrainian language as an indispensable basis for their nationally oriented activities), Faith (each of the youth organizations had representatives of Christian churches, most often - Greek Catholic), Society (each of such organization was itself a community, implemented a social model of functioning and management; the collective nature of decision-making provided youth organizations with wide popularity and respect among the Western Ukrainian national-conscious community). 

scholarly journals TEMUAN FRAGMEN GERABAH SEBAGAI INDIKASI PERMUKIMAN KUNO DI SITUS BOROBUDUR

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
Agni Sesaria Mochtar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Back Side ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Temple

Borobudur temple has been famously known as one of the Indonesian heritage masterpiece. Various aspects of it had been studied thoroughly since the beginning of 20th century A.D. Those studies tended to be monumental centric, giving less attention to the cultural context of the temple and its surroundings. Settlement in the nearby places is one of the topics which not have been studied much yet; leaving a big question about how the settlement supported continuity of many activities in the temple, or even the other way around; how the temple affected the settlement. There is only a few data about old settlement found in situ in Borobudur site, only abundance of pottery sherds. The analysis applied on to the potteries find during the 2012 excavation had given some information about the old settlement in Borobodur site. The old settlement predicted as resided in the south west area, in the back side of the monument.

scholarly journals Contemporary Serbian Orthodox church architecture: Architectural competitions since 1990

Spatium ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozidar Manic ◽  
Dragana Vasiljevic-Tomic ◽  
Ana Nikovic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
Architectural Competitions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple

This paper focuses on the architectural competitions for Orthodox Christian churches in Serbia since 1990, both on the analysis of the designs submitted and the competition requirements. The first competition for an Orthodox church in Serbia after World War II was announced for Pristina in 1991. After that, competitions for the temple in Cukarica, Novi Beograd, Nis, Aleksinac and Krusevac were conducted. Thanks to the fact that architectural competitions allow a greater degree of creative freedom to the architects than regular practice, various solutions were offered, from replicas of models from architectural history and tradition to fully non-traditional proposals. Depending on the relationship to tradition, architectural design approaches can be classified into three main groups: radically modernizing, conservatively traditionalist, and compromising. Of the six competitions conducted, four churches were built, which are among the most architecturally successful newer churches in Serbia. This points to the importance of the implementation of the architectural competition in this field of architecture. The diversity of the award-winning projects shows that there is awareness of the possibility for the further development of church architecture, favouring a moderate approach.

Christianity in Hawaiʻi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Williams Jr.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Kanaka Maoli ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Hawaiian Kingdom

On January 17, 1893, Her Majesty Queen Liliʻuokalani, sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom, was overthrown in a coup de main led by a faction of business leaders comprised largely of descendants of the 1820 American Protestant mission to the “Sandwich Islands.” Rev. Charles Hyde, an officer of the ecclesiastic Papa Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Board) declared, “Hawaii is the first Country in which the American missionaries have labored, whose political relations to the United States have been changed as a result of missionary labors.” The actions of these “Sons of the Mission” were enabled by U.S. naval forces landed from the USS Boston the evening prior. Despite blatant and significant connections between early Christian missionaries to Hawaiʻi and their entrepreneurial progeny, the 1893 usurpation of native rule was not the result of a teleological seventy-year presence in the Hawaiian Kingdom by the American Protestant Church. An 1863 transfer of authority over the Hawaiian mission from the Boston-based American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) to the local ʻAhahui ʻEuanelio o Hawaiʻi (AEH) (Hawaiian Evangelical Association) served as a pivotal inflection point that decidedly altered the original mission, driving a political and economic agenda masked only by the professed goals of the ecclesiastic institution. Christianity, conveyed to the Hawaiian Islands initially by representatives of the ABCFM, became a contested tool of religio-political significance amidst competing foreign and native claims on leadership in both church and state. In the immediate aftermath of the January 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom government, this introduced religion became a central tool of the Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) struggle for a return of their queen and the continued independence of their nation. Native Christian patriots organized and conducted a broad array of political actions from within the churches of the AEH using claims on Ke Akua (God) and Christianity as a foundation for their vision of continued native rule. These efforts were instrumental in the defeat of two proposed treaties of annexation of their country—1893 and 1897—before the United States, declaring control of the archipelago a strategic necessity in fighting the Spanish/Filipino–American War, took possession of Hawaiʻi in late 1898. Widespread Americanization efforts in the islands during the early 20th century filtered into Hawaiʻi’s Christian churches, transforming many of these previous focal points of relative radicalism into conservative defenders of the American way. A late-20th-century resurgence of cultural and political activism among Kanaka Maoli, fostered by a “Hawaiian Renaissance” begun in the 1970s, has driven a public and academic reexamination of the past and present role of Christianity in this current-day American outpost in the center of the Pacific.

scholarly journals Metafora ruchu i jej urzeczywistnienie w muzyce przestrzennej XX wieku

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Karolina Dąbek
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Language And Music ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physical Level

The Metaphor of Movement and Its Materialisation in the Spatial Music of the 20th Century The article concerns the issue of experiencing spatial music. While discussing movement and space in music, Bohdan Pociej draws attention to two types of the spatiality of a musical work: the “inner” and “outer” spatiality. The first one comes from the nature of the sound material and the interaction of elements, it stays in the sphere of impressions, metaphors. The second one involves the physical parameters and the actual performance of the piece. The author notes that the works of composers of the 20th century tend to break through from the internal space, transforming it into the external one. The issue of the body as a centre is present in the works of Edmund Husserl, Yi-Fu Tuan, Edward Hall, and others. The metaphor of movement – concerning language and music – has become the subject of cognitive science. In the context of spatial music, the metaphorical level is combined with the physical level. During the performance of a composition, the listener may be have various relations with sound sources but always locates them concerning the location of their own body, which they treat as the centre. The two basic types of outer spatiality – the perspective of the observer and the perspective of the participant – correspond to the types of understanding of the metaphor of movement in music (internal spatiality) proposed by Steve Larson and Mark Johnson.

scholarly journals The First Third of the 20th Century as a Literary Era: Common Cultural and National Features in Russian and Ukrainian Literatures

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Western European ◽  
Culture Identification ◽  
Language Environment

The article outlines the cultural and national features of the development of Ukrainian and Russian literatures in the first third of the 20th century. The study clearly demonstrates that the development of Ukrainian and Russian literatures have followed typologically similar patterns. Common and distinguishing features in the literatures were the result of the specific historical conditions of their origin and existence, as well as cultural orientation. The national differences between Ukrainian and Russian literatures of the first third of the 20th century were due primarily to the search for the ways to assert the identity. Ukrainian literature was expressly focused on Western European, trying to perceive it without mediation of the Russian one. Western European artistic innovations coexisted with the local cultural specificity. Russian literature was less concerned with issues of national identity because it had a counter-effect on Western European literature. The interaction with the national cultural tradition was also different. Common features of the literary process of the first third of the 20th century include the development of literatures in the metropolitan environment and in the context of emigration. The literature developed in the context of emigration was created in a foreign-language environment, but positioned itself as a national literature, the existence of which was a priori impossible in the metropolitan environment. The leading feature of the literature of the metropolis followed the October revolution was the ideological and political oppression caused by the new relations between the authorities and the artistic culture. Identification of general characteristics and features of the evolution of Russian and Ukrainian literatures in the first third of the 20th century in terms of typological comparisons makes it possible to suggest that the literary and artistic realities of the era caused the affinity of issues in the formation of new ideological and artistic quality of both literatures and, consequently, their national forms, features.

Following Christ with Great Joy: Christians Called to Reconciliation

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Leonid Kishkovsky
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
National Council ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Faith Stories ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Christian Families ◽  
National Council Of Churches ◽  
American Catholic

A brief description of the 20th century ecumenical journey and the Global Christian Forum (GCF) provides the setting for some specific reflections from the US context and the Orthodox perspective. A development similar to the GCF has led to the formation of Christian Churches Together in the USA which is more inclusive of the five Christian families in the USA (Afro-American, Catholic, Evangelical and Pentecostal, Orthodox, Protestant) than the National Council of Churches. The experience of CCT has shown that the GCF meets an urgent need of our time: enabling all Christian churches to encounter one another in Jesus Christ through the sharing of faith stories. The Orthodox faith story is about the presence of the Kingdom among us, the eschatological character of life, the source of which is the Eucharist, and the joy of seeing the Risen Christ in the neighbor.

scholarly journals Traditional and Modern Forms of the Cossack Culture in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries. Revival, Transformation, and Cultural Construction

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-212
Author(s):  
Olga Rvacheva ◽  
Pierre Labrunie
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation

Introduction. The paper deals with studying the formation of culture elements during the Cossacks revival process in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The cultural pattern of a community is always changing. Cultural practices and traditions of the past get integrated into the modern social conditions, while new values and rituals assume the character of traditional ones. The topicality of the subject derives from the fact that the Cossack culture was subject to a dramatic transformation in the 20th century, while many elements of the culture were wiped out. The transmission of the cultural tradition was interrupted. The Cossacks revival in the late 20th century supposed a return to traditional historical forms. However, this task proved difficult because of the break in the transmission of the ethnic culture. The formation of the present-day Cossack cultural system supposed the selection of some elements of culture from the past and their integration into the new conditions as well as the creation of new forms of culture that would contribute to the cultural identification of the Cossacks. Methods and materials. Historiography has predominantly described the traditional forms of the Cossack culture. The issues of cultural construction were touched upon only occasionally. This paper applies the historical and chronological, historicalgenetic methods as well as the conception of socio-cultural construction. Analysis. During the Cossacks revival process its participants demonstrated a sharp increase of interest in the traditional forms of culture. The attempts at their integration into the present-day conditions led to the deformation of cultural forms. They lost their authenticity and transformed themselves into secondary forms of culture, thus cultural patterns of the modern Cossacks got changed. At the same time, new cultural traditions and norms were “invented”. Their function was to fix Cossacks identity and to show that the Cossacks do exist in the social life of the country. The adaptation of the traditions and historical elements of the Cossack socio-cultural system had its peculiarities. The traditions and elements were taken from different epochs and formed an arbitrary composition of different cultural phenomena. Traditions played an important role in the Cossacks revival process because they acted as cultural identification markers for the Cossack community. For that reason even new cultural practices were given the appearance of traditions. Results. In the late 20th – early 21st centuries the restoration of the Cossack culture was actually its construction. A number of trends can be traced in the process. They developed concurrently and contributed to the creation of new cultural milieu.

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