Presence of Cheek Dimples and Absence of Palmaris Longus - An Anatomical Correlation from Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
pp. 2567-2571
Author(s):  
Praveen Mulky Shenoy ◽  
Amith Ramos ◽  
Bharath Shetty ◽  
Aravind Pallipady
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Allied Health Students ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Palmaris Longus ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
Interesting Correlation ◽  
Standard Tests ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

BACKGROUND Palmaris longus (PL) tendon agenesis varies from 5 % to 30 % in different ethnic groups worldwide. Its agenesis is associated with decreased wrist grip, pinch grip, presence of cheek dimples, difference of prevalence of agenesis with gender and handedness and with flexor carpi superficialis tendon. Student and general population surveys done in previous studies shows the association between these variables. The purpose of this study was to find out the association between the presence of cheek dimples with absence of palmaris long tendon. METHODS We examined 1200 medical and allied health students (600 males, 600 females) aged 18 - 24 years to assess the incidence of palmaris longus absence and the presence of cheek and chin dimples. The presence or absence of palmaris longus was assessed by clinical inspection using standard tests. The effectiveness of these’ standard tests’ is also tested along with wrist strength and pinch strength. RESULTS 163 students had PL agenesis. One hundred and twenty-one subjects had unilateral absence of palmaris longus (13.5 %). The tendon was absent bilaterally in 42 subjects (3.5) 77 students had either unilateral or bilateral cheek dimples out of 163 PL agenesis. The Mishra’s test is found to be most effective for properly defining the PL at wrist. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of absence of palmaris longus is around 13.5 %. Unilateral agenesis of PL is 10 %. Absence of palmaris longus has strong association to presence of cheek dimples. Up to 45 % of PL agenesis will show either unilateral or bilateral cheek dimples. Studies on cheek dimples, panniculus carnosus are very scanty in literature; more studies might reveal interesting correlation. The grip strength of the wrist is unaffected due to palmaris longus agenesis; however, the pinch grip of 4th finger with thumb appears to be certainly decreased. Mishra’s test proves to be the best in demonstrating the PL. A radiant smile displaying the cheek dimples, has 50 % possibility of absence of PL. KEYWORDS Palmaris Longus Agenesis, Cheek Dimples, Bifid Zygomaticus Major, Panniculus Carnosus, Chin Dimples

Massed Practice versus Massed Practice with Stimulation: Effects on Upper Extremity Function and Cortical Plasticity in Individuals with Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina S. Beekhuizen ◽  
Edelle C. Field-Fote
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Motor Threshold ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Median Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Function Test

To determine the effect of massed practice (MP) versus massed practice combined with somatosensory stimulation (MP+SS) on cortical plasticity and function in persons with incomplete tetraplegia. Methods. Ten subjects were assigned to either MP or MP+SS. Median nerve stimulation (500 ms train, 10 Hz, 1 ms pulse duration) was delivered at the intensity eliciting a motor threshold response. Training sessions were 5 d/week for 3 weeks at 2 h/session. Outcome measures included 1) motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), motor threshold (MT) and MEP amplitude at 1.2 MT; 2) maximal pinch grip force; 3) Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Jebsen Hand Function Test. Results. The MP+SS group demonstrated significant improvements (P < 0.05) in pinch grip strength (190%), WMFT scores (52%), and Jebsen test scores (33%), whereas the MP group demonstrated significant improvement (P < 0.05) only in Jebsen test scores (11%). No significant changes were detected in cortical excitability in the MP+SS or MP group. Conclusions. The findings of this preliminary study suggest that MP+SS results in greater increases in pinch strength and timed functional test scores than MP. Optimal stimulation paradigms and training methods are needed to further test this strategy.

scholarly journals Pinch grip strength and fine manual control in children with diplegic cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ahmed Abd El-samad ◽  
Gehan Hassan El-Meniawy ◽  
Sahar Mohamed Nour El-Din ◽  
Nanees Essam Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Spastic Diplegia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Positive Significant Correlation

Abstract Background In children with spastic diplegia, efficient use of the upper extremity especially the hands play an important role in participation in daily living. Hands can perform heavy activities and also enable to perform extremely gentle, skillful, and precise activities. Inadequate hand strength and fine motor skills may lead to functional limitations. This study was planned to investigate the pinch grip strength and fine manual control in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and to determine if there is a relation between them. Thirty children with diplegic cerebral palsy and 30 normal developed children from both sexes between 5 and 10 years old were included in this study as diplegic and control groups. For all children, pinch grip strength measured by Baseline Mechanical Pinch Gauge and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition used to evaluate fine manual control. Results Children with diplegic cerebral palsy have significant impairment in the pinch grip strength (tip, tripod, and key) and the fine manual control (fine motor precision and integration) compared to their healthy peers of the same age. There was large positive significant correlation (r > 0.5, p < 0.05) between tip and tripod pinch strength, and fine motor precision and medium positive significant correlation (r = 0.47, p < 0.05) between key pinch and fine motor precision in children with spastic diplegia. Also, there was large positive significant correlation between tip pinch and fine motor integration (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). The correlations are small and medium positive between tripod and key pinch strength, and fine motor integration respectively but they are not statistically significant. Conclusions Pinch grip strength and fine manual skills are affected in children with spastic diplegia. Also, there is a significant correlation between the pinch strength and activities require precise control of the hand.

An assessment of the effects of variations in the Palmaris longus tendon and the fifth superficial flexor digitorum on pinch and grip strength

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-747
Author(s):  
A.R. Sadeghifar ◽  
A. Karbalaeikhani ◽  
A.R. Saied
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longus Tendon ◽  
Palmaris Longus ◽  
Palmaris Longus Tendon ◽  
Flexor Digitorum

INTRODUCTION: The effect of the absence or presence of the Palmaris longus tendon on pinch and grip strength was investigated in this study. Similarly, the effect of the presence or absence of the fifth superficial flexor digitorum on grip strength in the hand was studied. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of these anatomical variations on pinch and grip strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 523 volunteers and their 1046 hands were enrolled. Each hand was assessed for the presence or absence of the Palmaris longus tendon and for variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum function. Then the grip and pinch power of the hands were measured with the Jammar Dynamometer. RESULTS: The presence or absence of Palmaris longus had no effect on grip strength in the individuals studied. Likewise, variations in fifth superficial flexor digitorum function had no effect on grip and pinch strengths. But the results of statistical testing showed the effect of the presence of Palmaris longus on pinch strength (25.38 lbs in hands with Palmaris present vs 24.43 lbs in hands without Palmaris). Pinch and grip power was higher in men than in women and in the right hand than in the left. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that absence of the Palmaris longus tendon is associated with a reduction in pinch strength but has no effect on grip strength, and the variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum (flexor digitorum superficialis, or FDS) have no effect on pinch and grip strengths.

scholarly journals Effect of Smartphone Usage on Neck Muscle Endurance, Hand Grip and Pinch Strength among Healthy College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6290
Author(s):  
Adel Alshahrani ◽  
Mohamed Samy Abdrabo ◽  
Sobhy M. Aly ◽  
Mastour Saeed Alshahrani ◽  
Raee S. Alqhtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Neck Muscle ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Hand Grip

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in global smartphone usage driven by different purposes. This study aimed to explore the effect of smartphone usage on neck muscle (flexors and extensors) endurance, hand grip, and pinch strength among young, healthy college students. In total, 40 male students were recruited for this study; 20 of them belonged to the smartphone-addicted group, while the other 20 were in the non-addicted group based on their smartphone addiction scale—short version (SAS-SV) scores (the threshold for determining smartphone addiction: 31/60). Neck flexor endurance time, the ability to perform a neck extensor muscle endurance test, and hand and pinch grip strength were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to assess between-group differences in the mean values of neck flexor endurance time, hand grip, and pinch grip. A significant group effect (Wilks’ lambda = 0.51, F (5,34) = 6.34, p = 0.001, partial eta squared = 0.48) was found. A decrease in neck flexor endurance time was observed in the smartphone-addicted group compared with that of the non-addicted group (p < 0.001). However, there was no notable difference in the neck extensor muscle endurance test or in hand grip and pinch grip strength of both hands between groups (p > 0.05). Using a smartphone for a prolonged time might affect neck flexor muscle endurance; however, more research is needed to explore the long-term effects of using smartphones on neck muscle endurance and hand/pinch grip strength and the risk of developing upper limb neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction.

scholarly journals The Precision of the Human Hand: Variability in Pinch Strength and Manual Dexterity

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ameline Bardo ◽  
Katie Town ◽  
Tracy L. Kivell ◽  
Georgina Donati ◽  
Haiko Ballieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Motor Movement ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Index Ratio ◽  
And Function

Changes in hand morphology throughout human evolution have facilitated the use of forceful pad-to-pad precision grips, contributing to the development of fine motor movement and dexterous manipulation typical of modern humans. Today, variation in human hand function may be affected by demographic and/or lifestyle factors, but these remain largely unexplored. We measured pinch grip strength and dexterity in a heterogeneous cross-sectional sample of human participants (n = 556) to test for the potential effects of sex, age, hand asymmetries, hand morphology, and frequently practiced manual activities across the lifespan. We found a significant effect of sex on pinch strength, dexterity, and different directional asymmetries, with the practice of manual musical instruments, significantly increasing female dexterity for both hands. Males and females with wider hands were also stronger, but not more precise, than those with longer hands, while the thumb-index ratio had no effect. Hand dominance asymmetry further had a significant effect on dexterity but not on pinch strength. These results indicate that different patterns of hand asymmetries and hand function are influenced in part by life experiences, improving our understanding of the link between hand form and function and offering a referential context for interpreting the evolution of human dexterity.

Thumb Function and Electromyography Result after Modified Camitz Tendon Transfer

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Marie Durban ◽  
Bernard Antolin ◽  
Chung Ying Sau ◽  
Sheung Wai Li ◽  
Wing Yuk Ip
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Carpal Tunnel Release ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Muscle Recovery ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Palmaris Longus ◽  
Contralateral Hand ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Open Carpal Tunnel Release

Background: Various techniques of opponensplasty have been developed with the aim of restoring the thumb function. The modified Camitz opponensplasty is a simple technique done together with an open carpal tunnel release. It restores thumb palmar abduction soon after the procedure, during such time that the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) is still recovering. The aim of this study was to assess the recovery and level of activity of the abductor pollicis brevis and palmaris longus (PL) muscles during thumb opposition and abduction after performing the modified Camitz opponensplasty. Methods: The records of 21 patients who underwent modified Camitz opponensplasty for severe carpal tunnel syndrome were reviewed. Thumb function was evaluated using the Van Wetter Apogee test, Kapandji index, tripod pinch strength, and power grip. Electromyography was utilized to evaluate APB recovery; ultrasonography was employed to evaluate PL activity. Results: Twenty patients reached 80% of the abduction height of the contralateral hand; the Kapandji index was good in thirteen. Palmaris longus activity was evaluated together with the APB muscle recovery. There was significant improvement in the average grip strength and average tripod pinch strength. However, this did not correlate with the degree of neurologic and muscular recovery of the APB. We surmise that the palmaris longus augmented the abductor pollicis brevis muscle even in those with full muscle recovery. Conclusions: The modified Camitz opponensplasty is a practical option for patients suffering from severe carpal tunnel syndrome with diminished thumb function.

FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS RECONSTRUCTION USING THE PALMARIS LONGUS IN ANTERIOR INTEROSSEUS NERVE SYNDROME

Hand Surgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shukuki Koh ◽  
Emiko Horii ◽  
Tatsuya Hattori
Keyword(s):  
Satisfactory Result ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Joint Motion ◽  
Flexor Pollicis Longus ◽  
Palmaris Longus ◽  
Palmaris Longus Tendon

In anterior interosseus nerve syndrome, reconstruction of the paralyzed flexor pollicis longus is occasionally required. Traditionally, the brachioradialis has been used as a motor, but we utilised the palmaris longus, which is expendable. The palmaris longus tendon was transferred in an end-to-side manner, leaving the flexor pollicis longus in situ. The procedure was performed in three patients. All patients regained a full range of thumb interphalangeal joint motion and an average 90% of the pinch strength. The only complication noted was thenar pain due to the adhesion of the palmar branch of the median nerve with the transferred tendon in one patient. This can be avoided if the interlacing suture was placed more proximally. Palmaris longus transfer is a simple technique that gives a satisfactory result.

Does the Absence of the Palmaris Longus Affect Grip and Pinch Strength?

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. SEBASTIN ◽  
A. Y. T. LIM ◽  
W. H. BEE ◽  
T. C. M. WONG ◽  
B. V. METHIL
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Longus Tendon ◽  
Functional Deficit ◽  
Palmaris Longus ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Palmaris Longus Muscle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Palmaris Longus Tendon ◽  
Reconstructive Plastic

The palmaris longus tendon is the most frequently harvested tendon for reconstructive plastic and hand surgical procedures. A question patients often ask is whether loss of the palmaris longus will result in any functional deficit. In order to answer this question, the presence or absence of the palmaris longus muscle was clinically determined in 418 normal Asian subjects. All subjects also had their grip and pinch strengths measured. No statistically significant difference was seen in the grip or pinch strength measurements between subjects who had a palmaris longus tendon and those who did not. This study demonstrates that absence of the palmaris longus is not associated with a decrease of grip or pinch strength.

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