Variability of the greater palatine canal and the greater palatine foramen and their importance for blocking the pterygopalatine ganglion

Introduction: The greater palatine foramen (GPF) is located in the posterior part of the hard palate between the articulations of hard palate with the maxilla. GPF continues posteriorly and upwards as greater palatine canal (GPC) which opens in to the inferior wall of pterygopalatine fossa. Exiting the foramen rotendum, maxillary nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa where it can be blocked. The intraoral route of GPF approach can be preferred for maxillary nerve block because of its low incidence of complications and high success rate. For achieving a painless intra operative period in procedures involving the maxillary region and for tooth extraction achieving a perfect maxillary nerve block is of at most importance. Our present study is aimed at correctly locating the position of GPF, its shape and patency in south Indian population which will be helpful for the intra oral approach of maxillary nerve block through the GPF Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 30 dry adult skull bones of both sex. The molar relation, shape and the patency of the GPF were observed, the readings were obtained, statistically analyzed and compared with other studies. Results: In our observation on both side of skull, it was noted that GPF was located opposite to the 3rd molar in 90% of cases. Oval shaped GPF is most commonly found in our study which accounts to 53.35% and the overall patency rate for GPF was 95% in our study. Conclusion: Analysis and comparison of data has proven that the position, shape and patency of GPF may vary according to different races. This study has also confirmed that the maxillary nerve block via GPF is relatively safe and easier due to the consistency of the position, shape and the patency of the GPF in south Indian population. KEY WORDS: Greater palatine foramen, maxillary nerve block, regional blocks, Greater palatine canal, pterygopalatine fossa, Maxillary nerve.

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Morphometric evaluation and clinical implications of the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine canal and pterygopalatine fossa on CBCT images and review of literature

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy ◽

10.1007/s00276-019-02179-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 551-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

İlhan Bahşi ◽

Mustafa Orhan ◽

Piraye Kervancıoğlu ◽

Eda Didem Yalçın

Keyword(s):

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Greater Palatine Foramen ◽

Greater Palatine Canal ◽

Morphometric Evaluation

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Radio-anatomical Study of the Greater Palatine Canal and the Pterygopalatine Fossa in a Lebanese Population: A Consideration for Maxillary Nerve Block

Journal of Clinical Imaging Science ◽

10.4103/2156-7514.190862 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Georges Aoun ◽

Ibrahim Nasseh ◽

Sayde Sokhn

Keyword(s):

Sagittal Plane ◽

Average Length ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Maxillary Nerve ◽

Greater Palatine Foramen ◽

Lebanese Population ◽

Greater Palatine Canal ◽

The Right

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the component, greater palatine canal-pterygopalatine fossa (GPC-PPF), in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 79 Lebanese adult patients (38 females and 41 males) were included in this study, and a total of 158 cases were evaluated bilaterally. The length and path of the GPCs-PPFs were determined, and the data obtained analyzed statistically. Results: In the sagittal plane, of all the GPCs-PPFs assessed, the average length was 35.02 mm on the right and 35.01 mm on the left. The most common anatomic path consisted in the presence of a curvature resulting in an internal narrowing whose average diameter was 2.4 mm on the right and 2.45 mm on the left. The mean diameter of the upper opening was 5.85 mm on the right and 5.82 mm on the left. As for the lower opening corresponding to the greater palatine foramen, the right and left average diameters were 6.39 mm and 6.42 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we concluded that throughout the Lebanese population, the GPC-PPF path is variable with a predominance of curved one (77.21% [122/158] in both the right and left sides); however, the GPC-PPF length does not significantly vary according to gender and side.

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The morphology of the greater palatine canal and the greater palatine foramen in women of the first adulthood period

University proceedings Volga region Medical sciences ◽

10.21685/2072-3032-2021-3-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

O.V. Kalmin ◽

◽

A.V. Efremova ◽

L.A. Zyul'kina ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greater Palatine Foramen ◽

Greater Palatine Canal

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A Computed Tomography Scan and Anatomical Cadaveric Study of the Pterygopalatine Ganglion for Use in Gamma Knife Treatment of Cluster Headache

Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-2009-1242323 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Jorge Alvernia ◽

Daniel Spomar ◽

William Olivero ◽

Nguyen Dang

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cluster Headache ◽

Gamma Knife ◽

Cadaveric Study ◽

Computed Tomography Scan ◽

Pterygopalatine Ganglion ◽

Tomography Scan

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Morphometric Analysis of the Greater Palatine Foramen in Dry Southern Brazilian Adult Skulls

International Journal of Morphology ◽

10.4067/s0717-95022011000200019 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 420-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. T. C Lopes ◽

A. M. P. V Santos ◽

G. A. M Pereira ◽

V. C. B. D Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Greater Palatine Foramen

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Effect of Denervation of Nasal Mucosa on Pulmonary Mechanics

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947308200517 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 724-728 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James H. Whicker ◽

Eugene B. Kern

Keyword(s):

General Anesthesia ◽

Nasal Mucosa ◽

Pulmonary Mechanics ◽

Pulmonary Resistance ◽

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

Eight dogs underwent denervation of the nasal mucosa by bilateral surgical interruption of the caudal nasal nerve, major palatine nerves, nerve branches traversing the pterygopalatine ganglion, and ethmoid nerve. Determinations of pulmonary resistance and compliance immediately before denervation and 1 hour, 24 hours, and 7 days after denervation did not demonstrate a tonic nasal influence on pulmonary mechanics. Changes within the range of normal did occur in the immediate period after denervation. Because pulmonary resistance and compliance approached control values by the seventh day after denervation, these variations are probably the result of atelectasis and pooling of mucus within the bronchi, secondary to prolonged general anesthesia. Thus, pulmonary mechanics probably are not significantly altered after denervation of the nasal mucosa.

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