Efficiency of Two Capture Methods Providing Live Sand flies and Assessment the Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of two capture methods for providing live sandflies used for determining the susceptibility level of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Methods: The sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor by hand-catch and baited traps during the peak of seasonal activity. The susceptibility level of sand flies was assessed using insecticide-impregnated papers against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and cyfluthrin 0.15%. Results: A total of 2486 live sandflies were caught from both indoor and outdoor places. Totally 849 sand flies were caught from outdoors with a sex ratio(SR) 0.1 versus 1637 sand flies collected from indoor using the hand-catch method with SR= 0.6. The dominant species of sand flies was Ph. papatasi in the study area. Mortality rates of outdoor-collected sand flies were exposed to DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, and bendiocarb 0.1%, and mortality rate ranged from 92.0–97.9% and for indoor-collected sand flies were 87.7–96.8%. Both outdoor and indoor collected sand flies were susceptible to cyfluthrin 0.15% that caused 100% mortality. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the most appropriate method for collecting the live female Ph. papatasi is the baited traps due to providing enough females is necessary for conducting the susceptibility tests. The finding indicated that Ph. papatasi wasresistant to DDT, under ‟verification required‟status to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, and susceptible to cyfluthrin.

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Relationship Between the Distribution and Biodiversity of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) With the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Endemic Foci of Golestan Province, Iran

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjaa114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 1768-1774

Author(s):

Aioub Sofizadeh ◽

Kamran Akbarzadeh ◽

Ehsan Allah Kalteh ◽

Fatemeh Karimi

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Wiener Index ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Light Traps ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Golestan Province ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is prevalent in Golestan Province, Iran. The current study determined the relationship between the distribution and biodiversity of sand flies with cutaneous leishmaniasis at 14 villages in plain and hillsides areas. In each village from July to September 2017, 60 sticky traps and 2 CDC light traps were laid. Spearman and Mann–Whitney tests were used to determine the relationship between the incidence of ZCL and the abundance of different species of sand flies. Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, and Margalef indices were calculated to estimate the diversity of species. A total of 5,295 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, comprising 10 species of the genus Phlebotomus (3,947 flies) and 7 species of genus Sergentomyia (1,248 flies). The abundance of sand flies and incidence of ZCL in plain areas were greater than that of hillsides areas (P = 0.013, P = 0.002). There was a significant correlation between the incidence of ZCL and the abundance of Phlebotomus papatasi (r = 0.72, P = 0.004) and P. caucasicus groups (P = 0.006; 0.022). In the Shannon-Wiener index, the rest of the biodiversity indices were reduced in higher-altitude areas. Increasing Shannon-Wiener index showed higher diversity of sand flies in higher-altitude areas. Data of the reported cases of leishmaniasis in plain areas can reveal the relationship between less diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), higher dominant diversity index (Simpson), and incidence of leishmaniasis in these areas.

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An Eco-Epidemiological Study on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v50i2.5350 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hossein NEZAMZADEH-EZHIYEH ◽

Hossein MIRHENDI ◽

Reza JAFARI ◽

Arshad VEYSI ◽

Yavar RASSI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Wild Rodents ◽

Direct Examination ◽

North East ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Susceptibility Tests

Background: Leishmaniasis is an expanding neglected tropical disease in the world reporting from 98 countries including Iran. This study focused on eco-epidemiological determinants of the disease following a rapid and unexpected increase of leishmaniasis incidence in a strategic residential district in North-East of Isfahan County, Iran. Methods: This study was accomplished from Apr 2012 to Jan 2014 in a strategic residential zone in North-East of Isfahan County, Esfahan, Iran. Monthly activity, parity, Leishmania infection and susceptibility tests, were determined on sand flies. Some portion of inhabitants and school children were surveyed to find active or passive cases of leishmaniasis and also wild rodents were collected to determine reservoir host. Results: Totally 5223 sand flies belonging to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genus were collected and identified; Ph. papatasi was the dominant species and started to appear in May and disappeared in Oct. The majority of living dissected sand flies were unfed and parous. Ph. papatasi showed 4.6% Leishmania infection through direct examination and 39.54% by nested-PCR respectively. Phlebotomus papatasi was susceptible against deltametrin 0.05%. Totally 2149 people were surveyed and incidence and prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis estimated as 45.39 and 314.40 per 1000 population. Rodents showed 73.91% and 80% Leishmania infection by direct examination and nested-PCR respectively. Conclusion: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major has been established in this area. Rodent control operation and personal protection are highly recommended to control the disease in this focus.

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Relationships Between Climate Parameters and the Density of Phlebotomus papatasi, the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Climate Change and Its Impact on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7387-6.ch015 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 291-302

Author(s):

Ahmed Karmaoui ◽

Siham Zerouali

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

High Relative Humidity ◽

Seasonal Activity ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Average Correlation ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Maximum Temperatures

This chapter presents an analysis of the seasonal activity of the Phlebotomus papatasi (leishmaniasis vector) through a correlation between its monthly activity and the monthly meteorological parameters. Three sites from three leishmaniasis endemic countries were used Morocco, Iran, and Greece. The high density of P. papatasi was observed in May in Greece, in July in Morocco and September in Iran. Before May and after September, an important decrease of P. papatasi activity was observed with a decline of maximum and minimum temperatures and an increase of precipitations. Secondly, strong associations between P. papatasi density and minimum and maximum temperatures were explored, third, no significant association have been detected between P. papatasi abundance and precipitations in the three sites. There is an average correlation between relative humidity and P. papatasi density for Isfahan and Creater Athens. Basically, P. papatasi is sensitive to low temperatures and high relative humidity, which makes these two variables better indicators for the possible emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Comparative Testing of Susceptibility Levels of Phlebotomus sergenti, the Main Vector of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Conventional Insecticides Using Two Capture Methods in Kerman City, Southeastern Iran

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases ◽

10.18502/jad.v15i1.6488 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yavar Rassi ◽

Shahla Ebrahimi ◽

Mohammad Reza Abai ◽

Hassan Vatandoost ◽

Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

World Health ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Health Organization ◽

Indoor And Outdoor

Background: Collecting live sand flies from indoor sites is a major challenge for researchers in large cities due to the reluctance of families to survey their homes. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of two methods for col-lecting sand flies for use in susceptibility tests in the urban area of Kerman, southeastern Iran. Methods: Sandflies were mainly collected using both baited traps and hand catch methods from outdoor and indoor sites. Susceptibility tests were separately done according to the standard World Health Organization testing protocol on Phlebotomus sergenti, including 60-minute exposure to DDT 4.0%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and malathion 5.0%. Results: During this research, the natural habitats and suitable indoor sites were selected to predict the density of live sand fly with perfect accuracy. The number of live Ph. sergenti caught by hand catch and baited traps methods was 42 and 361 in indoor and outdoor sites, respectively. The mortality rate of Ph. sergenti exposed to DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05, malathion 5%, and propoxur was 100%. Conclusion: The baited traps showed a significant efficiency compared to hand catch for collecting live Ph. sergenti for use in susceptibility tests in urban areas. The Ph. sergenti collected from both indoor and outdoor sites were susceptible to all insecticides.

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Assessing the insecticide susceptibility status of field population of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esfahan Province, Central Iran

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.035 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 176 ◽

pp. 316-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leila Shirani-Bidabadi ◽

Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani ◽

Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi–Ershadi ◽

Yavar Rassi ◽

Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Field Population ◽

Central Iran ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Insecticide Susceptibility ◽

Hyperendemic Area ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Susceptibility Status

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Monitoring of Laboratory Reared of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis to Different Imagicides in Hyper endemic Areas, Esfahan Province, Iran

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases ◽

10.18502/jad.v14i1.2718 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leila Shirani-Bidabadi ◽

Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani ◽

Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽

Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽

Mohammad Ali Oshaghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Probit Analysis ◽

Laboratory Population ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Test Results ◽

Endemic Region ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽

Susceptibility Status

Background: In domestic and per domestic area,insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colonized Phlebotomus papatasi populations in Iran. Methods: The insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi laboratory population was assessed during 2016–2017, following the standard WHO technique for mosquito (WHO, 2013) based on diagnostic dose. Sand flies collected from rural area of Badrood (Matin Abad), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, using aspirator. Results: Susceptibility test to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papatasi (1746 females and 1788 males). The LT50 and LT90 values were measured using probit analysis and regression lines. The test results against males of P. papatasi revealed that LT50 values to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00 and 57.84 seconds. The figures for females were 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71 and 72.69 seconds , respectively. Conclusion: According to presented results, the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to prethroids and Resistance candidate to DDT 4%.

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