Effect of biosal®, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin on the activity of GOT, GPT and total protein contents in two fodder pests Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi

The assessment of the comparative effect of biosal (phytopesticide), deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) were made against two fodder pests, Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi by filter paper impregnation method. The activity of total protein contents, GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase) were affected in Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda cyhalothrin. The activity of total protein contents in H. modestus was 31.053%, 4.607%, and 24.575%, against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of total protein contents was observed as 24.202%, 15.25%, and 56.036% against deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and biosal, respectively in H. ocimumi. The activity of GOT was observed as 98.675% for biosal 33.95% for deltamethrin and 83.619% for lambda-cyhalothrin in H. modestus. The GOT activity was estimated in H. ocimumi as 78.831%, 47.645%, and 71.287% against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The efficacy of GPT enzyme against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin was calculated as 89.26%, 73.07%, and 47.58%, respectively in H. modestus. The H. ocimumi showed GPT activity as 77.58% for biosal, 68.84% for deltamethrin, and 52.67% for lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.

Protective Role of Different Local Spices on Lambda Cyhalothrin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Mice

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the protective role of different local spices on lambda cyhalothrin induced nephrotoxicity in male mice Experimental Design: A completely randomized experimental design using standard methods for analysis. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Animal house, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology of Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria. GPS 4o47'50''N 6o58'49''E. This study lasted for 35days. Methodology: The experimental animals were separated into 6 groups (A-F) of seven mice each. Group A served as the control and Group B – F served as the test groups. At the end of the 35 day treatment period, feed was withdrawn from the mice 24 hours before termination of the experiment. Blood samples for analysis of kidney function test were collected from each mouse by ocular puncture into plain tubes. The blood was allowed to clot and centrifuged at 2500g to separate the serum from the cells. Total protein was analyzed using the spectrophotometric method of biuret, Bradford and erythrosine – b, albumin was estimated, creatinine and urea was done using enzymatic method. Vital organs were removed and weighed for organosomatic indices. Histological sections of the kidney were mounted on slides, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Photomicrographs were generated. Results: There is no significant difference (P=0.05) between the organ weight and bodyweight in group A compared with the treatment groups. The values of Albumin, total protein, urea, creatinine and total bilirubin increased significantly in group B administered lambda cyhalothrin alone but decreased in groups administered the local spices. Histopathological analysis of the kidney shows the regular structure of the kidney architecture in group A, tubular degeneration and several vacuolations were observed in group B. However, less degeneration of the epithelial cells, regeneration of renal tubular epithelium were observed in groups C- F. Conclusion: Based on the results from liver biomarkers and histological micrographs from this study, pronounced degeneration was observed in the kidney cells exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin only. Moreover, all spices used had a regenerating ability on the kidney tubules. It is advocated therefore that consumption of this spices either singly or in combination should be encouraged especially for those exposed to insecticides poisoning

Molecular surveillance of resistance to pyrethroids insecticides in Colombian Aedes aegypti populations

Introduction In Colombia, organochloride, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides are broadly used to control Aedes aegypti populations. However, Colombian mosquito populations have shown variability in their susceptibility profiles to these insecticides, with some expressing high resistance levels. Materials and methods In this study, we analyzed the susceptibility status of ten Colombian field populations of Ae. aegypti to two pyrethroids; permethrin (type-I pyrethroid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (type-II pyrethroid). In addition, we evaluated if mosquitoes pressured with increasing lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations during some filial generations exhibited altered allelic frequency of these kdr mutations and the activity levels of some metabolic enzymes. Results Mosquitoes from all field populations showed resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin. We found that resistance profiles could only be partially explained by kdr mutations and altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that other yet unknown mechanisms could be involved. The molecular and biochemical analyses of the most pyrethroid-resistant mosquito population (Acacías) indicated that kdr mutations and altered metabolic enzyme activity are involved in the resistance phenotype expression. Conclusions In this context, we propose genetic surveillance of the mosquito populations to monitor the emergence of resistance as an excellent initiative to improve mosquito-borne disease control measures.

The Effects Of Some Insecticides On Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

In the study, the topical application (1 µl/bee), contact (5 ml/pot/10 bees) and residual (5 ml/pot/10 bees) effects of eight insecticides (Methiocarb, Alphacypermethrin, Indoxacarb, Spinosad, Thiacloprid + Deltamethrin, Thiamethoxam, Thiamethoxam + Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Zeta Cypermethrin), which are commonly used in pest control in hazelnut cultivation, were investigated on Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:Apidae). The study was conducted with 10 young worker bees in 4 replicates. Knock-down effect and 48-hour mortality were determined in all three methods. The study was conducted under 65-70% humidity and 24 ± 1 oC laboratory conditions. The study findings demonstrated that the impact of the topical application was low in all pesticides, while the other two methods led to 100% mortality after 48 hours at the recommended dose. The highest contact effect was observed with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin, methiocarb and indoxacarb, followed by thiacloprid + deltamethrin, Spinosad and alphacypermethrin. Among the insecticides tested for residual effects, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin and Spinosad led to over 90% mortality after 5 days.

Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with insecticides against the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Background Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) with insecticides is a crucial mainstay of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. This study was designed to evaluate the joint action of EPN species and insecticides when employed to deter 3rd and 4th larval instars of cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under laboratory conditions. EPNs [Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88), and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4)], at concentrations of 50, 100, and 125 IJs/larva, were tested with 3 insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, emamectin benzoate, and indoxacarb) at LC25 and LC50 values. Additionally, expression profiles of 2 detoxification genes (CYP6AE120 and PrGSTs1) when the 4th instar larvae were treated by H. bacteriophora (HP88) and lambda-cyhalothrin were examined. Results Data indicated that statistically significant mortality of 2 larval instars of P. rapae was observed in vitro among EPN species and pesticide concentrations. At concentration of 50 IJs/larva, LT50 values were 2.385 and 3.92 days for S. carpocapsae (All strain) and H. bacteriophora(Ar-4), respectively, on 3rd instar larvae; also, these values were 3.506 and 3.107 days for S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), respectively, on 4th instar larvae Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most toxic insecticide, followed by emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb at LC25 and LC50, respectively. An additive effect was observed between EPN species with LC25 and LC50 of the tested insecticides, except for lambda-cyhalothrin at LC50 with H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), and indoxacarb, with all EPNs showing antagonistic effects on mortality of 3rd instar larvae after 3 days post-treatment. The interaction between the tested pesticides at LC25 and LC50 and EPN species, showed an additive effect, excluding lambda-cyhalothrin at LC25 with S. carpocapsae (All strain) and LC25 of indoxacarb with H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), which showed potentiation effects. The interaction of S. feltiae (Filipjev) with tested insecticides at LC50 exhibited an antagonistic effect on the mortality of 4th instar P. rapae larvae after 3 days post-treatment. The expression of both CYP6AE120 and PrGSTs1 was significantly up-regulated with lambda-cyhalothrin, followed by H. bacteriophora (HP88) compared to control. Conclusions The findings suggested that combining EPNs and the pesticide concentrations can be a practical strategy for managing P. rapae and could pave the way to using new control technologies in protecting organic farm vegetables from lepidopteran pests.

Susceptibility monitoring and the molecular characterization of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a serious and widespread agricultural pest with several records of resistance to different insecticides and Bt proteins, including the neurotoxic insecticides chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid). In this study, we (i) characterized and monitored the susceptibility of field populations of S. frugiperda to chlorpyrifos (194 populations) and lambda-cyhalothrin (197 populations) collected from major maize-growing regions of Brazil from 2003 to 2016, and (ii) compared gene expression levels of chlorpyrifos- and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant strains to a susceptible reference strain (Sf-ss) of S. frugiperda. Laboratory-guided assays to monitor larval susceptibility detected average survival ranging from 29.3% to 36.0% to chlorpyrifos, and 23.1% to 68.0% to lambda-cyhalothrin at diagnostic concentration, based on LC99 of the susceptible reference strain of each insecticide. The resistance ratio of the chlorpyrifos-resistant strain (Clo-rr) was 25.4-fold and of the lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant strain (Lam-rr) was 217-fold. Differential gene expression analyses between resistant vs susceptible strains identified 1,098 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Clo-rr and Sf-ss, and 303 DEGs between Lam-rr and Sf-ss. Functional analyses of the DEGs revealed the up-regulation of several detoxification enzymes, mainly cytochrome P450 belonging to the CYP3 and CYP6 clans. Genes associated with regulatory processes, such as the forkhead box O (FoxO) were also up-regulated. Our data points that the resistance mechanisms of Clo-rr and Lam-rr strains of S. frugiperda to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin are mainly mediated by enzyme detoxification.

Biological and economic efficiency of optimised pest control schemes for mandarin fruit in Abkhazian

Abkhazian mandarin crop is infected by over 50 pest species incurring marketable yield losses up to 83 %, which prioritises the development of new crop protection strategies that avoid organophosphorus compound usage leading to pest resistance. The studies were conducted during 2019–2020 in full-grown Citrus unshiu mandarin plantations at the Gulrypsh District of the Republic of Abkhazia adhering to the common protocol. Seven schemes were covered in study for the mandarin crop protection from rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead and brown marble bug Halyomorpha halys Stål. Two schemes have been selected as optimised: scheme 5 (treatment 1 with Confidor Extra tank mix, 0.05 % WDG (imidacloprid) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatment 2 with Vertimek tank mix, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatments 3--4 with Karate Zeon tank mix, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit) and scheme 6 (treatment 1 with Metomax tank mix, 0.15 % SC (methomil 250 g/kg + bifenthrin 25 g/kg) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatments 2--3 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % ISS (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatment 4 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L)). The schemes’ biological efficacy against mandarin pests was 80.0–84.2 and 81.3–87.7 %, providing for an average fruit weight improvement by 89.5 and 94.7 % vs. control, and 22.0 and 25.4 % vs. benchmark, respectively. Yield excess in the schemes was 85.7 and 91.7 % vs. control, and 36.8 and 41.3 % vs. economic cultivation, respectively. Class 1 fruits accounted for 63.3–65.6 % total harvest in schemes 5 and 6, whilst were not obtained in control.