Measuring the Impact of Environmental Sustainability on Tuberculosis Rates Using the Two-Stage Least Squares Method in the Polled Model

Author(s):  
Suhad Ali Shaheed Al-Temimi ◽  
Rawaa Salh Al-Saffar
Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 3105
Author(s):  
Kyulee Shin ◽  
Sukkyung You ◽  
Mihye Kim

The current study examines the structural relationship between the academic performance exam scores of Korean middle school students and their after-school exercise hours. Although prior literature theoretically or experimentally predicts that these variables are positively associated, this association is difficult to empirically verify without controlling for mutual effects with other variables, or unless a full model is estimated by specifying the whole structure of all variables affecting the two variables in question. Unlike previous studies, this study estimates the structural relationship using two-stage least squares method, which does not require experimental observations collected for our particular purpose or estimating the full model. From this estimation, we empirically affirm that there is a positive structural relationship between students’ after-school exercise hours and their academic performance exam scores, whereas the ordinary least squares method consistently estimates a negative relationship.


2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Fadilla Ristya Aminda ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Anna Fariyanti

<strong>English</strong><br />Central Java Province is one of sugarcane producing centers in Indonesia and Pati is one of sugarcane producing regencies in the province. A total of 5,905 households in Pati regency conduct sugarcane farming as their primary income source. However, sugarcane farmers deal withlimited capital to adopt productivity improving technologies. This study aimed to analyze factors influencing economic decisions of sugarcane farmers in allocating working hours, production, and household’s expenditure, as well as to analyze the impact of changes in input prices, output price, credit, and sugar level on sugarcane farmer household’s welfare in Central Java. Simultaneous equation models consisting of 21 structural equations and 22 identity equations were estimated using Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. The results showed that an increase in credit, sugar price, and sugar level could compensate increases in fertilizer price and labor wage and had positive impact on farmers’ welfare. Increases in fertilizer price and labor wage could be compensated through credit, sugar price, and sugar level enhancement. It is necessary that the Government increases sugar price and ensures farmers’ access to credit. It aims to encourage farmers to adopt technology through replanting (ratoon replacement) to improve sugarcane productivity and farmers’ welfare.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Jawa Tengah merupakan salah satu sentra produksi tebu di Indonesia. Salah satu kabupaten sentra produksi tebu di Jawa Tengah adalah Pati. Sebanyak 5.905 rumah tangga petani tebu di Kabupaten Pati memiliki usaha tani tebu sebagai sumber pendapatan utama. Rumah tangga petani tebu dihadapkan pada masalah keterbatasan modal sehingga kemampuan adopsi teknologi rendah dan budi daya tidak optimal. Kondisi ini berdampak pada rendahnya produktivitas dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan ekonomi rumah tangga petani tebu dalam alokasi curahan kerja, produksi, dan pengeluaran rumah tangga, serta dampak perubahan harga input, harga ouptut, kredit, dan rendemen terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani tebu. Penelitian menggunakan data cross section dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 56 rumah tangga petani tebu. Model ekonomi rumah tangga petani dibangun sebagai sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 21 persamaan struktural dan 22 persamaan identitas, lalu diestimasi menggunakan metode Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan peningkatan harga gula, jumlah kredit, dan rendemen gula berdampak positif terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Peningkatan harga pupuk dan upah tenaga kerja luar keluarga mampu dikompensasi dengan peningkatan jumlah kredit, harga gula, dan rendemen gula. Pemerintah sebaiknya meningkatkan harga patokan petani dan juga memperbesar jumlah kredit yang dapat diakses petani untuk mendorong adopsi teknologi dengan melakukan peremajaan tanaman (bongkar ratoon) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kesejahteraan rumah tangga.


2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pattanapong Tiwasing ◽  
Philip Dawson ◽  
Guy Garrod

Unreliable access to a sufficient quantity of nutritious food is a major cause of undernourishment and malnutrition and may lead to reduced worker capacity and low productivity in developing countries. This study examines the impact of micronutrient intake on the labour productivity of rice-producing households in Thailand in 2011. A semi-log wage equation and Cobb–Douglas production function are estimated using two-stage least squares and non-linear two-stage least squares methods, respectively. The results show that higher intakes of calcium, vitamin A and iron increase household earnings and farm output. However, calorie intake only contributes to a higher farm output. Enhancing micronutrient consumption is an investment for improving productivity.


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