THE FISHBURN METHOD AS A META-MATHEMATIC STATISTICAL APPROACH IN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF COMMON AND ATYPICAL AGENTS IN THE ETIOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS

The actual guidelines on treatment of pneumonia emphasize necessity of establishment of etiologic diagnosis for therapy rationale. The necessity occurs to group agents according significance of their effect at evaluating etiologic role of a number of agents, for instance under implementation of epidemiological investigations, studying of etiologic structure of infections, planning of medicinal support. In that case, the Fishburn method fits perfectly. The purpose of study is to implement Fishburn method in establishing role of traditional and atypical agents in etiologic structure of community-acquired pneumonia.Materials and methods. The sampling included 172 examined patients aged from 18 to 30 years being under hospital treatment with confirmed diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The analysis was applied to such biologic substrates as phlegm, blood, lavage (bronchoalveolar fluid). The technique of polymerase chain reaction was used. To determine weight coefficients of every analyzed etiologic agents with their subsequent distribution according percentage in etiologic structure. The Fishburn method was applied. The results. The main agents were established Streptococcus pneumoniae (separated in 86,3% of patients) and Haemophilus influenzae (41,2%). The mixed infection occurred in 65.8% of examined patients. The most propagated are such associations as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae. Conclusion. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae are independent infection agents related to high and average levels. In the most cases, the detected agents were found in associations. A significant rate of detection of Herpes simplex I/II (16,2%) in blood and saliva of patients with community-acquired pneumonia testifies weakening of immune system. Herpes simplex I/II worsens course of diseases but is not considered as independent infection agent. The data obtained has epidemiological significance and can impact on development of medication support.

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Detection of antibody responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis proteins in children with community-acquired pneumonia: effects of combining pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1007/s10096-015-2385-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 1551-1557 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

I. C. Borges ◽

D. C. Andrade ◽

A.-L. Vilas-Boas ◽

M.-S. H. Fontoura ◽

H. Laitinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

Sampling Interval ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Duration Of Illness ◽

Antibody Levels

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Antibacterial activity and PK/PD of ceftriaxone against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolates from patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1007/s10156-007-0539-2 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 296-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Akira Ohno ◽

Yoshikazu Ishii ◽

Keizo Yamaguchi ◽

Intetsu Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia

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In-vitro activity of levofloxacin against bacterial pathogens collected in China：A ten-year（2009-2018） retrospective study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26208/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

LU GAN ◽

Yun Li ◽

Yuan Lv ◽

Bo Zheng

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Icu Patients ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Resistance Rates

Abstract Background： This study was designed to evaluate the in-vitro activity of levofloxacin against bacterial pathogens collected from Chinese hospitalized patients between 2009 and 2018, and analysis the trends of levofloxacin resistance in China.Methods In this analysis, antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) experiments with levofloxacin and controls against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria collected from 2009 to 2018. MICs were determined using the agar dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)，2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using CLSI breakpoints. Statistical tests were analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), calculating the MIC90.Results In the past decade，the antibacterial activities of levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which were common gram-negative bacteria, were stable; the resistance rates of these bacteria had no significant changes or decreased slightly. The levofloxacin resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, which were gram positive bacteria, decreased from 48.4% and 36.9% in 2009-2010 to 22.8% and 25.7% in 2017-2018, respectively, respectively. The levofloxacin resistance rate among Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, the common pathogens of community acquired pneumonia (CAP), were less than 3%. The levofloxacin resistance rates for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii increased. No difference in the levofloxacin resistance rates by age group (18-64, 65-74, ≥75 years old age groups) was observed. The resistance rate of strains isolated from ICU patients was usually 10-20% higher than that of non-ICU patients.Conclusion In recent ten years, levofloxacin has continued to be active in-vitro against the strains in its antibacterial spectrum. No significant change of resistance rates was observed and it still has a good antibacterial effect on the main pathogenic bacteria of community-acquired pneumonia, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and MSSA.

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Related Factors to Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasive Infection and Clinical Manifestations: The Potential Role of Nasopharyngeal Microbiome

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.650271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Beatriz Dietl ◽

Desirée Henares ◽

Lucía Boix-Palop ◽

Carmen Muñoz-Almagro ◽

Javier Garau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Potential Role ◽

Respiratory Health ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Related Factors

Infections of the lower respiratory tract, such as pneumonia, are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae might colonize the upper respiratory tract and is the main aetiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). In the last decades, several factors related to the host, the microorganism and the antibiotic therapy have been investigated to identify risk factors associated with the development of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Nevertheless, these factors themselves do not explain the risk of developing disease or its severity. Recently, some studies have focused on the importance of nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome and its relation to respiratory health. This review presents existing evidence of the potential role of NP microbiome in the development of IPD.

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Repellents as a major element in the context of prevention of tick-borne diseases

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.25 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 269-280

Author(s):

Marta Przygodzka ◽

Ewa Mikulak ◽

Tomasz Chmielewski ◽

Aleksandra Gliniewicz

Keyword(s):

Major Element ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽

Personal Protection ◽

Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Etiologic Agents ◽

Fatal Course ◽

Epidemiological Significance

In Poland, out of the 21 species of ticks described, two species have the greatest epidemiological significance: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Their participation in the transmission of etiologic agents of vector diseases such as Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis and many others is widely known. Due to the often severe and sometimes fatal course of diseases transmitted by ticks, a great deal of emphasis is placed on prophylactic activities, minimizing the possibility of biting and transfering pathogens along with the arachnid saliva. In addition to means of personal protection, including appropriate clothing, protective vaccinations, avoiding tick habitats or body checking after returning from this type of places, one of the most important elements of anti-tick prevention is the use of effective repellents. The key role of using the repellent is to discourage the arthropod from attacking and to prevent it from taking food, as a result of which there is no phenomenon of transmission of pathogens from the hematophage to the host organism. The most commonly used substances with arthropod repellent properties are: N-N-diethylm-toluamide (DEET), 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) aminopropionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535), icaridine, permethrin and essential oils. However, it should be remembered that no repellent ever protects 100% all the time after application - its use should be considered as one of many elements of personal protection in the prevention of tick bites.

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ROLE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COMMUNITY- ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN A LARGE INDUSTRIAL REGION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Pacific Medical Journal ◽

10.17238/pmj1609-1175.2018.3.29-33 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 29-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A .A. Golubkova ◽

◽

A.V. Somova ◽

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Industrial Region ◽

The Russian Federation

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The clinical relevance of in-vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin and alternative agents, for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/38.suppl_a.133 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 38 (suppl A) ◽

pp. 133-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

K. P. Klugman

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

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In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Activities of ABT-492, a Novel Quinolone, Compared to Those of Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.48.1.203-208.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 203-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shana M. Gunderson ◽

Robert A. Hayes ◽

John P. Quinn ◽

Larry H. Danziger

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

Maximal Activity ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Maximal Effect ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Atypical Pathogens ◽

Time Kill

ABSTRACT ABT-492 is a novel quinolone with potent activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and atypical pathogens, making this compound an ideal candidate for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. We therefore compared the in vitro pharmacodynamic activity of ABT-492 to that of levofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of pneumonia, through MIC determination and time-kill kinetic analysis. ABT-492 demonstrated potent activity against penicillin-sensitive, penicillin-resistant, and levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains (MICs ranging from 0.0078 to 0.125 μg/ml); β-lactamase-positive and β-lactamase-negative Haemophilus influenzae strains (MICs ranging from 0.000313 to 0.00125 μg/ml); and β-lactamase-positive and β-lactamase-negative Moraxella catarrhalis strains (MICs ranging from 0.001 to 0.0025 μg/ml), with MICs being much lower than those of levofloxacin. Both ABT-492 and levofloxacin demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal activities in time-kill kinetics studies at four and eight times the MIC with 10 of 12 bacterial isolates exposed to ABT-492 and with 12 of 12 bacterial isolates exposed to levofloxacin. Sigmoidal maximal-effect models support concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. The model predicts that 50% of maximal activity can be achieved with concentrations ranging from one to two times the MIC for both ABT-492 and levofloxacin and that near-maximal activity (90% effective concentration) can be achieved at concentrations ranging from two to five times the MIC for ABT-492 and one to six times the MIC for levofloxacin.

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