Promoting Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: Fear Appeals in Breastfeeding Management

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Carlson Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Anticipatory Guidance ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Lactation Consultants

Lactation consultants (LC) often use fear appeals when providing anticipatory guidance to mothers about breastfeeding. We mention that improper positioning or latch-on can lead to sore nipples or fissures, or that inadequate or irregular emptying can lead to plugged ducts, mastitis, or a diminished milk supply. Instead of motivating the mother to practice the recommended preventive measures, fear appeals can lead to lack of confidence and fear of failure. Instead, lactation consultants can increase the mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed by helping her envision success, manage self-defeating thoughts, and solve problems. This article explores how the Extended Parallel Process Model can be applied to lactation consultation to increase the probability that the lactation consultant’s message will be heeded rather than rejected.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: an application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data. Results A total of 3727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process. Conclusion More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate how people perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in Iran in March and April 2020. The Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire via Porsline. Participants were recruited using online applications and posts on a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data a self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant progressive increases in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores for COVID-19 than women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of risk perceptions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The EPPM put to the test

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Ooms ◽  
Carel Jansen ◽  
John Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Mediation Analyses

Fear appeals are frequently used in health communication, for example in anti-smoking campaigns. Of the different theoretical models that predict and explain how fear appeals work, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM; Witte, 1992) is probably used most often. However, most propositions of the EPPM were not explicitly tested, or received mixed empirical support (Popova, 2012). To clarify the relationships between the variables of the EPPM, four of the EPPM’s propositions were tested by performing correlational and mediation analyses. The results (n = 116) show that a large part of the relationships between the concepts of the EPPM and the outcomes of fear appeals differ from what the EPPM claims: threat and intention did not prove to be related, threat did not mediate the effect of fear on intention, and fear did not prove to influence the fear control responses. The findings from this study raise questions regarding the appropriateness of the EPPM.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate how people perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in Iran in March and April 2020. The Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire via Porsline. Participants were recruited using online applications and posts on a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data a self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant progressive increases in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores for COVID-19 than women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of risk perceptions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals RESPON MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PERINGATAN BERGAMBAR PADA KEMASAN ROKOK DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Rama Nur Kurniawan. K
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model

Upaya menekan permasalahan rokok, pemerintah tak henti-hentinya turut  menanggulangi masalah yang ditimbulkan oleh perilaku merokok. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 28 Tahun 2013 yang menekankan pada pencantuman bahaya merokok dalam bentuk gambar pada semua kemasan rokok, mengacu pada sebuah teori komunikasi yang disebut sebagai teori The Extended Parallel Process Model  (EPPM) dengan menggunakan pendekatan kesan menakutkan (fear appeals).  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi respon masyarakat terhadap peringatan pesan bergambar pada kemasan rokok.  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan disain  grounded theory untuk  mengeksplorasi respon masyarakat terhadap peringatan pesan bergambar pada kemasan rokok. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan triangulasi metode, wawancara mendalam dan diskusi kelompok terarah (DKT).  Hasil penelitian memaparkan bahwa; 1) perasaan jijik, takut/ngeri saat melihat gambar, diperkuat dengan keyakinan terhadap kebenaran gambar akan menimbulkan respon menolak, sedangkan perasaan biasa saja yang diperkuat dengan ketidakyakinan akan menimbulkan reaksi menerima gambar,   2) Ada masa penyesuaian masyarakat terhadap peringatan pesan bergambar pada kemasan rokok. 3) gambar memperkuat niat non perokok untuk semakin tidak merokok, dan tidak mempengaruhi perokok untuk berhenti merokok. 4) gambar dianggap efektif sebagai media edukasi untuk non perokok.  Penelitian  menyimpulkan  bahwa: 1) tindakan masyarakat terhadap peringatan pesan bergambar pada kemasan rokok dipengaruhi oleh faktor perasaan dan keyakinan akan kebenaran gambar. 2) durasi masa penyesuiaan terhadap gambar berlangsung selama ± 2-3 bulan, 3) peringatan pesan bergambar belum mampu menyentuh emosi masyarakat secara kultural dan membuat perokok untuk berhenti merokok.  Kata kunci:  Pesan  peringatan,  kemasan  rokok, fear appeals, gambar, perasaan  

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.

scholarly journals Determinants of Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Yazd Students: Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad ◽  
Sakineh Gerayllo ◽  
Mahdiye Khaleghi Moori ◽  
Nooshin Yoshany
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Global Rate

Introduction: Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers with an increasing global rate. In preventing this disease, the most basic measure is sun protection behaviors. Given the importance of health for medical students as health ambassadors, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extended parallel process model on the skin cancer preventive behaviors in Yazd students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 280 students of Yazd universities in 2019. The participants were selected using the random sampling method. A questionnaire based on the extended parallel processes model was used to collect the information. After entering SPSS 18 software, the data were analyzed using appropriate parametric statistical tests including independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and linear regression at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The participants’ mean age and standard deviation was 22.69±3.18 years within the range of 18 to 41 years. Among the participants, 62.5% were women. Application of hats and sunscreen was 15.7% and 30.9%, respectively. According to the findings, the perceived severity structural had the highest score among the model structures. Among the constructs of model, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of behavioral intention (β = 0.376) and preventive behaviors of skin cancer (β = 0.109). Conclusion: Due to the low level of protective behaviors and self-efficacy perceived construct, as the most effective factors on the preventive behaviors of skin cancer, it is recommended to consider educational interventions in this regard.

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