scholarly journals A Note On The Adoption Of The Euro Compared To The Adoption Of Federal Money In The United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Nogler ◽  
John A. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Member State ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
European Community ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Member States ◽  
Monetary Unit ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
States Experience

This paper compares and contrasts the experience of the European Community in creating a single monetary unit (the Euro) from the currencies of a dozen participating member states to the experience of the United States in creating a single monetary unit (the dollar) across the former colonies after the American Revolution.  The European Community was able to merge the member state currencies in a period of 23 years, while the United States experience lasted over 75 years.  By extensively reviewing the experience of the United States through contemporaneous textbooks, two factors are identified which may account for this difference.  First, the existence of a central bank, and second, the universal adoption of decimal currencies, which began with the United States experience.

scholarly journals Frontiers of International Law: Counteracting the Exercise of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Lefeber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
International Law ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

On 22 November 1996, the Council of the European Union adopted a framework regulation and agreed to joint action to ‘protect’ the interests of the European Union and its citizens against the extraterritorial application of legislation by non-member states. These measures were adopted in response to the extraterritorial application of certain measures by the United States, concerning trade with and investment in Cuba, as well as investment in Iran and Libya. These United States measures apply to all natural and legal persons irrespective of their nationality, residency, or place of activity. Thus, even nationals of a member state of the European Union residing and active in the European Union must comply with the United States measures. The enactment of this legislation marks a new episode in the on-going battle between the United States and the European Union over the frontiers of a state's (or an international organization's) jurisdiction to prescribe. This time, however, the European Union counteracted by the adoption of measures which can partly be characterized as retorsion measures and partly as countermeasures. The adoption of these measures by the European Union raises questions with respect to the legitimacy of the retorsion measures and the legality of the countermeasures.

‘The United States of Europe Have Commenced’, but for Whom?

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-265
Author(s):  
Roel Fernhout
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early History ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Member States ◽  
History Of

The author begins this article with a short description of the early history of the United States of America and makes a comparison with the genesis of the European Community. It is also possible to draw comparisons with the early history of the USA in the area of the free movement of people and immigration. In the European Community, just as in the United States, immigration is treated principally as an economic matter. However, unlike the United States, the free movement of nationals of the member states within the territory of the Community was, at first, also viewed from a purely economic perspective. This exclusive link with economic activities and services was only dropped very recently. The author also looks at the significance of the Union Treaty for the position of nationals of non-member states, who are already settled, living and working in the Community. According to the author, established immigrants should be treated in accordance with the regulations governing the free movement of workers which apply to EC-nationals. A norm of 4 years legal residence could be a reasonable norm for granting free movement within the internal market. The author is convinced that the vague public debate within the Community about equal treatment for the nationals of non-member states will only be dealt with seriously when the concrete problems are put on the table via the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice. That is why the authority of the Court is a necessary prerequisite for the real equal rights to be finally achieved.

Questions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gibson ◽  
Michael J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The U.S

We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.

scholarly journals Diasporic Foreign Policy Interest Groups in the United States: Democracy, Conflict, and Political Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shubha Kamala Prasad ◽  
Filip Savatic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Indian American ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Political Entrepreneurs ◽  
Do So ◽  
Policy Interest

Why do some immigrant diasporas in the United States (U.S.) establish foreign policy interest groups while others do not? While scholars have demonstrated that diasporic interest groups often successfully influence U.S. foreign policy, we take a step back to ask why only certain diasporas attempt to do so in the first place. We argue that two factors increase the likelihood of diaspora mobilization: a community’s experience with democratic governance and conflict in its country of origin. We posit that these conditions make it more likely that political entrepreneurs emerge to serve as catalysts for top-down mobilization. To test our hypotheses, we collect and analyze novel data on diasporic interest groups as well as the characteristics of their respective countries of origin. In turn, we conduct the first in-depth case studies of the historical and contemporary Indian-American lobbies, using original archival and interview evidence.

International Wheat Council

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-387
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Member States ◽  
Central Organ ◽  
Set Up

Established by a Memorandum of Agreement signed by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States in April, 1942, the International Wheat Council was set up as an agency to deal with the allocation of wheat surpluses. During the war it has served as a central organ to administer and coordinate the work of implementing the commitments of member-states to a pool of wheat for the relief of war-stricken and other necessitous areas. It held two sessions in Washington during 1946.

Hand transplantation in the United States: Experience with 3 patients

Surgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadiyala V. Ravindra ◽  
Joseph F. Buell ◽  
Christina L. Kaufman ◽  
Brenda Blair ◽  
Michael Marvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hand Transplantation ◽  
States Experience
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