scholarly journals Better Than Rational: A Naturalistic View of Economic Governance

2017 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
J.W. Stoelhorst
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Human Organization ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
The Face ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this paper is to present a recently emerging evolutionary approach to the study of human organization that I will refer to as ‘naturalistic’, and to highlight its integrative potential for the social and administrative sciences. This naturalistic approach considers the various forms of human cooperation as products of gene-culture co-evolutionary processes, and in doing so goes to the heart of the collective action problems that are central to explaining the human condition. Moreover, in building empirically grounded explanations of human behavior and organization, it also offers an alternative to the traditional view of governance in economic theory, with its emphasis on decentralized exchange and rational self-interested choice. The naturalistic approach both explains why human nature has evolved to the point where we often can do ‘better than rational’ in the face of the social dilemmas underlying collective action problems, and why modern forms of social, economic, and political organization are nevertheless always prone to being undermined by these same dilemmas.

scholarly journals Governing a Collective Bad: Social Learning in the Management of Crop Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Damtew ◽  
Barbara van Mierlo ◽  
Rico Lie ◽  
Paul Struik ◽  
Cees Leeuwis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Space ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Crop Disease ◽  
Late Blight Management

AbstractThere has been strong research interest in designing and testing learning approaches for enhancing and sustaining the capacity of communities to manage collective action problems. Broadening the perspective from well-known social learning approaches in natural resource management, this study explores how social learning as a communicative process influences collective action in contagious crop disease management. A series of facilitated discussion and reflection sessions about late blight management created the social learning space for potato farmers in Ethiopia. Communicative utterances of participants in the sessions served as the units of analysis. The study demonstrates how and to what extent social learning, in the form of aligned new knowledge, relations and actions occurred and formed the basis for collective action in the management of late blight.

Motivating a “Thinkable Politics”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-181
Author(s):  
Tim Christion ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Class Consciousness ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Dialectical Phenomenology

Climate change is one of the greatest collective action problems ever faced. The social and cultural barriers to intersubjectively motivating concern and agency are sweeping. It seems all but impossible to imagine politically viable solutions commensurate with the realities of the problem, and likewise find visionary ways of framing this problem to inspire meaningful solutions. One therefore perceives an abyss between ‘problem’ and ‘solution,’ as expressed in irreconcilable debates between problem-driven and solution-driven strategies for motivating climate action. Drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s dialectical phenomenology of motivation and class consciousness in particular, I argue that his call for a “thinkable politics” can help activists bring problem-driven and solution-driven motives for climate response into productive relation.

scholarly journals Empirisk analyse af kollektiv handling: Nobelprisen i økonomi 2009 til Elinor Ostrom

Politik ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens K. Justesen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems

This article provides an introduction to the work of Elinor Ostrom, focusing on those parts of her research for which she awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009. Ostrom received the Nobel Prize mainly for her analyses of how groups of individuals organize and develop institutions to handle collective action problems. Ostrom also identifies a set of conditions that affect the likelihood that individuals successfully solve collective action problems. In this way, Ostrom provides a major contribution to the study of collective action in the social sciences. 

Network

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Ray Brescia
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems

This chapter examines the role of trust in solving collective action problems and the ways in which translocal networks harness this trust to advance broad social change. Such trust is present in the social relationships one forms with others, what is often referred to as one's social capital. From the Sons of Liberty to the civil rights movement, different social movements have utilized different means of communications to form, identify individuals who shared common beliefs, bind people together, and animate collective action. They often did this in networks, and networks of a particular kind. As the name implies, the translocal network is one that may span a wide geographic area and can harness the power of a large group of committed individuals but is also made up of smaller cells where face-to-face communication between individual members can occur. The chapter then looks at examples of the social movements that have emerged in social innovation moments to show how they have generally tended to organize themselves into translocal networks, at least until a means of communication emerged that allowed organizers to form different types of organizations.

scholarly journals When thinking you are better leads to feeling worse: Self-other asymmetries in prosocial behavior and increased anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Helion ◽  
David V Smith ◽  
Johanna Jarcho
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peer Reports ◽  
Better Than

Thinking one is better than peers is generally associated with positive psychological outcomes like increased self-esteem and resilience. However, this tendency may be problematic in the context of collective action problems, wherein individuals are reliant on others' prosocial behaviors to achieve larger goals. We examined this question in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, and recruited participants (n = 1022) from a university community in Spring 2020. We found evidence for a self-peer asymmetry, such that participants reported that they were doing more to stop the spread of the disease and were more prosocially motivated than peers. Actual peer reports indicated that these were overestimations. This self-enhancement tendency comes with a cost: the perceived self-peer asymmetry mediated the relationship between Covid-specific worry and general anxiety during the early lockdown period. This indicates that while believing one is doing more than others may be maladaptive in collective action problems.

scholarly journals Norm-Based Governance for Severe Collective Action Problems: Lessons from Climate Change and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond ◽  
Daniel Kelly ◽  
Erin P. Hennes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Norm Internalization ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Political Governance

The world has surpassed three million deaths from COVID-19, and faces potentially catastrophic tipping points in the global climate system. Despite the urgency, governments have struggled to address either problem. In this paper, we argue that COVID-19 and anthropogenic climate change (ACC) are critical examples of an emerging type of governance challenge: severe collective action problems that require significant individual behavior change under conditions of hyper-partisanship and scientific misinformation. Building on foundational political science work demonstrating the potential for norms (or informal rules of behavior) to solve collective action problems, we analyze more recent work on norms from neighboring disciplines to offer novel recommendations for more difficult challenges like COVID-19 and ACC. Key insights include more attention to 1) norm-based messaging strategies that appeal to individuals across the ideological spectrum or that reframe collective action as consistent with resistant subgroups’ pre-existing values, 2) messages that emphasize both the prevalence and the social desirability of individual behaviors required to address these challenges, 3) careful use of public policies and incentives that make individual behavior change easier without threatening norm internalization, and 4) greater attention to epistemic norms governing trust in different information sources. We conclude by pointing out that COVID-19 and climate change are likely harbingers of other polarized collective action problems that governments will face in the future. By connecting work on norms and political governance with a broader, interdisciplinary literature on norm psychology, motivation, and behavior change, we aim to improve the ability of political scientists and policymakers to respond to these and future collective action challenges.

scholarly journals Embeddedness and Identity: How Immigrants Turn Grievances into Action

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Klandermans ◽  
Jojanneke van der Toorn ◽  
Jacquelien van Stekelenburg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Action Function ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Muslim Immigrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Movement Participation

The social and political integration of Muslim immigrants into Western societies is among the most pressing problems of today. Research documents how immigrant communities are increasingly under pressure to assimilate to their “host” societies in the face of significant discrimination. In this article, we bring together two literatures—that on immigrants and that on social movement participation—to explore whether Muslim immigrants respond to their societal situation by engaging in collective political action. Although neither literature has given much attention to immigrant collective action, they do provide predictive leverage relative to the influence of grievances, efficacy, identity, emotions, and embeddedness in civil society networks. Our analyses are comprised of three separate but identical studies: a study of Turkish (N = 126) and Moroccan immigrants (N = 80) in the Netherlands and a study of Turkish immigrants (N = 100) in New York. Results suggest that social psychological mechanisms known to affect native citizens' collective action function similarly for immigrants to a great extent, although certain immigrant patterns are indeed unique.

Chemical Reactions of Iodoform in the Study of Post-Extraction Alveolites

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2378-2381
Author(s):  
Cristian Budacu ◽  
Mihai Constantin ◽  
Iulia Chiscop ◽  
Carmen Gabriela Stelea ◽  
Raluca Dragomir
Keyword(s):  
Healing Process ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Dental Extraction ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mucosal Regeneration ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

Post-operative alveolitis is a topical issue in dental practice, which is also reflected by the etiopathogenic aspects. The conservative principle requires the maintenance of dento-periodontal units in the arch for as long as possible, but there are situations where dental extraction is required. The healing process of the post-surgical wound is complex and involves processes of gingival mucosal regeneration and bone reshaping, involving several local factors: wound size, presence of infection, alveolar vascularization, intraalveolar foreign bodies, and general factors, especially general condition, age and body reactivity. The quality, structure, maintenance, and retraction of the clot are key factors in the formation of connective tissue during the healing of the post-extraction would. At the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of Gala�i, during a 2-year period between January 2015 and December 30, 2016, 2780 patients that required surgery - dental extraction were consulted and diagnosed. We found that among those 2780 patients with dental extractions 105 (3.77%) had post-treatment alveolitis. No post-surgical alveolitis from the case study was complicated by osteomyelitis of the jaws or by suppurations of the superficial or deep compartments of the face. The prophylactic measures in each dental extraction, together with the correct and timely curative treatment, combined with the dentist�s competence and responsibility, can shorten the time of suffering, actively combating the risk factor and accelerating the social reintegration of the patient with post-treatment alveolitis.

Ancient Israel's Neighbors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Doak
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Social ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Turmoil

The purpose of this book is to tell the story of Israel’s nearest neighbors—not only discovering what the Bible has to say about them but also what we can know from archaeology, ancient inscriptions, and other sources. The Bible itself presents these neighbors in nuanced and conflicting ways; sometimes they are friends or even related to Israel at a family level, and sometimes they are enemies, spoken of as though they must die in order for Israel to live. We are left wondering how the biblical portrayal might have affected our thinking about these people as historical groups, on their own terms. How would an Aramaean have described her own religion? How would an Edomite have described conflict with Israel? This book explores both the biblical portrayal of the smaller groups surrounding Israel and what people can know about these groups through their own literature, archaeology, and other sources. By uncovering the identity of the Philistines as settlers along the coast at the same time that early Israel carved out their place in the land, for example, one can better understand the social turmoil and political maneuvering that lies just beneath the surface of the biblical narrative, and can see more clearly just how the authors of the Bible saw themselves in the face of others.

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