scholarly journals Can a UK-EU Free Trade Area preserve the benefits of the Customs Union or Single Market in some sectors?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Lydgate ◽  
L. Alan Winters
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Area Preserve

scholarly journals The ASEAN WITHOUT A CUSTOMS UNION OR A SINGLE MARKET CONSEQUENCES OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY BLUEPRINT 2025

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Moh Firstananto Jerusalem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract In the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint 2015 the term “single market” was used as a goal of economic community. Theoretically, single market is a level of economic integration after customs union. Under that blueprint, customs union could have a chance to be established as a necessary prerequisite for single market. However, the new blueprint 2025 does not adopt single market concept anymore. Different terms have been introduced namely “integrated and cohesive economy” and “unified market”. This article aims at assessing economic integration concept adopted in the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint by utilizing content analysis. It will review the change of concept by employing economic integration theory in order to indicate the direction of economic community goal. The finding is that the change of terms reflects the change of concept. As a result, ASEAN Economic Community will have a different direction in pursuing economic integration. Therefore, under the new blueprint ASEAN will not proceed to customs union and single market. However, it will remain at free trade area level of economic integration. In addition, ASEAN will not be a close trade block but tend to be an open regionalism in relation to non-ASEAN countries or regions. Keywords: ASEAN Economic Community, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic Integration, Open Regionalism.

scholarly journals KONSISTENSI HUKUM WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) MENGENAI PRINSIP MOST FAVORED NATION (MFN) ATAS REGIONALISME DAN PANDANGANNYA TERHADAP ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Cahya Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
The Moment

In 2015, Indonesia and other ASEAN members have a commitment to establish a single market region, i.e. free flow of goods and service, termed ASEAN Economic Community (hereinafter ‘AEC’). This arrangement is contrary to Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, (hereinafter ‘GATT’). This paper aims to address the said violation according to the WTO/GATT law by analyzing (1) the general obligations and exceptions under the WTO/GATT, (2) regionalism in general and its existence in Southeast Asia, and (3) the interpretation of WTO’s compromise to regionalism. Under the GATT, there is a general obligation for members to treat their trading partners equally and give the same benefits to other members. However, there is an exception to this principle under article XXIV of the GATT, which based on the notion that regional trade agreements are a building block for multilateral openness. Yet, before applying this exception to the case at hand, AEC’s form must be determined. AEC’ has a structure of Free-Trade Area (hereinafter ‘FTA’) with a single market adhere to it, which according to WTO’s database there is one in force at the moment, namely ASEAN Free Trade Area (hereinafter ‘AFTA’). AFTA is not the equivalent to AEC because it covers more than just goods. Thus, the answer to apply the exception to AEC is inconclusive because even though it fits normatively, it does not have the necessary legitimacy.

THE ROLE OF SADC IN BOOSTING DOMESTIC, REGIONAL, CONTINENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
Ghazala Begum Essop
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Trade Area

The role of regional economic communities in the development of trade in Africa is widely recognised. Currently, intra-African trade stands at 10 per cent. This is in sharp contrast to other developing regions of the world. In Asia and Latin America, the levels of intra-trade are 50 and 26 per cent, respectively. There are a number of reasons accounting for the low level of intra-African trade, including the weak mandate given to regional economic communities to monitor and enforce the commitments assumed by countries under regional trade agreements. The lack of integration has negatively impacted on African countries and affected their ability to attract foreign direct investment commensurate with their development needs. Had African countries been less exposed to external markets, they would have been minimally affected by the global financial crisis. The importance of boosting intra-African trade was highlighted by Africa’s Heads of State and Government when they devoted this year’s summit to this theme. In the run-up to the summit, the African Union Commission released a study that underscored the importance of regional economic communities in the process of economic integration in Africa. Currently, SADC member states are in the process of implementing the SADC Trade Protocol, which would create a fully-fledged free trade area and later a customs union, and at the same time engaged in tripartite negotiations aimed at merging the three (SADC, COMESA and the EAC) regional configurations. They are also engaged in the EPA negotiations with the European Union, which would create a free trade area and also the Doha negotiations under the auspices of the WTO. The main objective of this article is to estimate SADC countries’ bilateral trade potential, which may result in the improvements in trade facilitation.

The European Attempt to Topple Spain’s Industrial Protection

2021 ◽  
pp. 369-432
Author(s):  
Fernando Guirao
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
West European

The 1970 Agreement was intended to regulate trade relations between the Six and Spain for six years. At the end of 1972, however, Chapter 8 shows, for the Six/Nine the question was no longer that of negotiating additional concessions for Spanish exports but of the inclusion of Spain into the pan-European Free-Trade Area, to begin by 1977. In the summer of 1975, the Spanish Council of Ministers, under the influence of the minister of commerce, refused to ratify the FTA with the EEC. The Spanish government wished to avoid a transformation into a customs union or inclusion in an FTA in which Spanish producers would face mounting competition by West-European producers. The 1970 Agreement remained in force until Spain became a full member of the three European Communities, on 1 January 1986, transforming it into a sort of pre-accession arrangement for which it was not prepared.

The Origin of Goods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Lyons QC
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Court Of Justice

The ability to determine the origin of goods is obviously essential for the operation of the EU’s customs union and the application of the Tariff. Indeed, it is also essential for the operation of a free trade area and other preferential arrangements, and many of the international agreements which were considered in the previous chapter contain extensive provisions dealing with the determination and proof of the origin of goods. The determination of origin is important too not just for customs matters but for many activities concerned with the regulation of markets. The Court of Justice has highlighted this, saying:

scholarly journals The Effects of the Kazakhstan-Russia-Belarus Customs Union on Turkey’s Exports and on Turkish Investors in Kazakhstan

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Barak ◽  
Murat Doğanay
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Common External Tariff ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Set Up

The customs union is a model of economic integration which is composed of free trade area among the participant countries with a common external tariff. The participant countries generally set up common external trade policy. Main establishing purposes of customs union are increasing economic efficiency, improving the global competitiveness and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. This paper analyses the concept and effects of customs union, the agreement of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union and how this agreements effects Turkish investors in Kazakhstan and export of Turkey. In this contex, a survey is implemented to Turkish companies executives, according to the survey results, it is trying to reveal whether the Bel EurAsEC Customs Union have any effects on Turkey export. Also, in this paper, the effects of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union on Turkish investors which operates in Kazakhstan, investment attitude, behavior and decisions are being explored.

Implementation may hamper Africa free trade area plans

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
African Union ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Full Implementation ◽  
Trade Area

Subject Africa's Continental Free Trade Area. Significance An extraordinary African Union (AU) summit on March 21 is expected to see AU members sign an agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA), after trade ministers agreed the overall framework in December. The CFTA is set to become the world’s largest single market, incorporating the AU’s 55 members, with a combined population of 1.2 billion and GDP of over 3.0 trillion dollars. Impacts Full implementation of WTO’s trade facilitation agreement alongside CFTA could double intra-African trade volumes within a decade. Trade protectionism in the Trump and Brexit era could hasten uptake of CFTA to bolster Africa’s bargaining clout. Inter- (South Africa versus Nigeria) and intra- (Kenya versus Tanzania) regional rivalries will remain major risks.

Concepts, Types and Forms of Eurasian and Latin-American Integration Associations (Comparative Analysis)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Максим Залоило ◽  
Maksim Zaloilo ◽  
Елена Рафалюк ◽  
Elena Rafalyuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Union

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the concept, types and forms of Eurasian and Latin-American integration associations. On the authors’ mind the integration association is the group of states united on the basis of an international treaty to achieve the integration goals. It is proposed to distinguish between the integration associations of the coordination and supranational types. According to the identified features of each of the indicated types of integration associations the authors conclude that the Organization of American States is the union of the coordination type, the MERCOSUR is in transition from coordination to supranational integration association, in the Andean Community the supranational model is implemented, and the Eurasian Economic Union tends to the supranational association. It is noted that integration associations can be also classified depending on the different forms of economic integration (free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union, etc.). The main forms of the Latin-American economic integration are free trade area and customs union, while the common market is still developing. The forms of the Eurasian economic integration are the customs union, the common economic space, forming common market. A trend of formation of new forms and types of inter-state integration associations and cooperation between them, particularly in the form of a mega-association (Union of South American Nations) is revealed. The ways of further development of the integration associations in Latin America and Eurasia are marked.

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