scholarly journals Analysis of the Pathogenic Factors and Management of Dry Eye in Ocular Surface Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Nebbioso ◽  
Paola Del Regno ◽  
Magda Gharbiya ◽  
Marta Sacchetti ◽  
Rocco Plateroti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Relevant Factors

The alteration of the delicate balance that regulates the secretion and distribution of the tear film determines the dry eye (DE) syndrome, because the tear film represents the interface between the eye and the environment. Despite having a multifactorial origin, the main risk factors for the emergence of the ocular disease are female gender and advanced age. Likewise, morphological changes in several glands and in chemical composition of their secretions such as proteins, mucins, lipidics, aqueous tears, and salinity, are highly relevant factors to maintain a condition of good health of the ocular anterior segment. Another key factor of recurrence and onset of the disease is the presence of local and/or systemic infiammation that reflex on the ocular surface. However, it is one of the most commonly encountered disease in clinical practice and many other causes related to daily life and to lengthen the average life will contribute to the beginning. This review will consider how and what disorders of the ocular surface are responsible for a widespread pathology so. In the end, the most appropriate and new therapies will be briefly exposed according to the specific pathology.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Procedures and Management of Dry Eye

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snježana Kaštelan ◽  
Martina Tomić ◽  
Jasminka Salopek-Rabatić ◽  
Branko Novak
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Contact Lens Wear ◽  
Potential Damage

Dry eye disease or dysfunctional tear syndrome is among the most frequent diagnoses in ophthalmology. It is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film which results in ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear instability with potential damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. Risk factors for dry eye syndrome include age, sex (female gender), race, contact lens wear, environment with low humidity, systemic medications, and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this paper is to present the systematic classification, epidemiology, diagnostic procedures, and advances in the management of dry eye disease. The recent improvements in comprehending the underlying etiologic factors will inevitably improve future classifications and diagnostic abilities leading to more effective therapeutic options. Treatment of this highly prevalent condition can drastically improve the quality of life of individuals and prevent damage to the ocular surface.

scholarly journals Tear Proteomics Study of Dry Eye Disease: Which Eye Do You Adopt as the Representative Eye for the Study?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Ming-Tse Kuo ◽  
Po-Chiung Fang ◽  
Shu-Fang Kuo ◽  
Alexander Chen ◽  
Yu-Ting Huang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Tear Proteins ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Surface Performance

Most studies about dry eye disease (DED) chose unilateral eye for investigation and drew conclusions based on monocular results, whereas most studies involving tear proteomics were based on the results of pooling tears from a group of DED patients. Patients with DED were consecutively enrolled for binocular clinical tests, tear biochemical markers of DED, and tear proteome. We found that bilateral eyes of DED patients may have similar but different ocular surface performance and tear proteome. Most ocular surface homeostatic markers and tear biomarkers were not significantly different in the bilateral eyes of DED subjects, and most clinical parameters and tear biomarkers were correlated significantly between bilateral eyes. However, discrepant binocular presentation in the markers of ocular surface homeostasis and the associations with tear proteins suggested that one eye’s performance cannot represent that of the other eye or both eyes. Therefore, in studies for elucidating tear film homeostasis of DED, we may lose some important messages hidden in the fellow eye if we collected clinical and proteomic data only from a unilateral eye. For mechanistic studies, it is recommended that researchers collect tear samples from the eye with more severe DED under sensitive criteria for identifying the more severe eye and evaluating the tear biochemical and proteomic markers with binocular concordance drawn in prior binocular studies.

scholarly journals Apigenin ameliorates ocular surface lesions in a rat model of dry eye disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 205873921881868
Author(s):  
Limei Liu ◽  
Dongdong Wei ◽  
Hongkun Xu ◽  
Changhui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

To study the effects of apigenin on dry eye disease (DED) in rats. Rats were divided into six groups: (I) normal control group, (II) DED control group, (III) vehicle control group, (IV) DED + apigenin 10 mg/kg, (V) DED + apigenin 20 mg/kg, and (VI) DED + apigenin 50 mg/kg. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (BUT), and corneal fluorescein staining were used to evaluate the effects of apigenin on the ocular surface. The related inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological examination and inflammatory index were also performed. The results showed that administration of apigenin was shown a significant effect on the recovery of ocular surface function. Compared to the control group, apigenin treatment in DED rats significantly decreased the level of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); however, the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was increased. Histopathological examination further verified the anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin on DED rats. The results demonstrated that apigenin could protect DED rats via inhibition of inflammation, suggesting that it may have potential as a therapy for DED.

scholarly journals Role of ion channels in the functional response of conjunctival goblet cells to dry eye

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (2) ◽  
pp. C236-C246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Puro
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Cation Conductance ◽  
Conjunctival Goblet Cells

Optimal vision requires an ocular surface with a stable tear film whose many critical tasks include providing >70% of the eye’s refractive power. However, for millions, tear film instability produces uncomfortable sight-impairing dry eye. Despite the multitude of etiologies for dry eye, a universal hallmark is hyperosmolarity of the tear film. Presently, knowledge of how the ocular surface responds to hyperosmolarity remains incomplete with little understood about the role of ion channels. This bioelectric analysis focused on conjunctival goblet cells whose release of tear-stabilizing mucin is a key adaptive response to dry eye. In freshly excised rat conjunctiva, perforated-patch recordings demonstrated that a ≥10% rise in osmolarity triggers goblet cells to rapidly generate a ~15-mV hyperpolarization due to the oxidant-dependent activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. High-resolution membrane capacitance measurements used to monitor exocytosis revealed that this hyperpolarization results in an approximately fourfold boost in exocytotic activity evoked by cholinergic input, which in vivo occurs via a neural reflex and depends chiefly on calcium influxing down its electro-gradient. We discovered that this adaptive response is transient. During 30–80 min of hyperosmolarity, development of a depolarizing nonspecific cation conductance fully counterbalances the KATP-driven hyperpolarization and thereby eliminates the exocytotic boost. We conclude that hyperosmotic-induced hyperpolarization is a previously unappreciated mechanism by which goblet cells respond to transient ocular dryness. Loss of this voltage increase during long-term dryness/hyperosmolarity may account for the clinical conundrum that goblet cells in chronically dry eyes can remain filled with mucin even though the tear film is hyperosmotic and mucin-deficient.

Expression of CCR5 and Its Ligands CCL3, -4, and -5 in the Tear Film and Ocular Surface of Patients with Dry Eye Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Choi ◽  
Zhengri Li ◽  
Han-Jin Oh ◽  
Seong-Kyu Im ◽  
Seung-Hyun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease

scholarly journals Expression of CXCL9, -10, -11, and CXCR3 in the Tear Film and Ocular Surface of Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Chul Yoon ◽  
Chang-Soo Park ◽  
In-Cheon You ◽  
Hwan-Jun Choi ◽  
Kwang-Hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome

scholarly journals Review: The Lacrimal Gland and Its Role in Dry Eye

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Conrady ◽  
Zachary P. Joos ◽  
Bhupendra C. K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Lacrimal Gland ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Burning Pain ◽  
Layered Coating ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Blurry Vision

The human tear film is a 3-layered coating of the surface of the eye and a loss, or reduction, in any layer of this film may result in a syndrome of blurry vision and burning pain of the eyes known as dry eye. The lacrimal gland and accessory glands provide multiple components to the tear film, most notably the aqueous. Dysfunction of these glands results in the loss of aqueous and other products required in ocular surface maintenance and health resulting in dry eye and the potential for significant surface pathology. In this paper, we have reviewed products of the lacrimal gland, diseases known to affect the gland, and historical and emerging dry eye therapies targeting lacrimal gland dysfunction.

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