Unanswered Questions Regarding Sex and BMP/TGF-β Signaling
Keyword(s):
Tgf Beta
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Crosstalk between the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways regulates many complex developmental processes from the earliest stages of embryogenesis throughout adult life. In many situations, the two signaling pathways act reciprocally. For example, TGF-β signaling is generally pro-fibrotic whereas BMP signaling is anti-fibrotic and pro-calcific. Sex-specific differences occur in many diseases including cardiovascular pathologies. Differing ratios of fibrosis and calcification in stenotic valves suggests that BMP/TGF-β signaling may vary in men and women. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the interplay between sex and BMP/TGF-β signaling and pose several unanswered questions.
2019 ◽
2020 ◽
2020 ◽
2020 ◽
2020 ◽
2020 ◽
2001 ◽
Vol 11
(1-3)
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pp. 24
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2019 ◽
Vol 20
(10)
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pp. 2500
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Keyword(s):
Keyword(s):