scholarly journals Attention Modulates Electrophysiological Responses to Simultaneous Music and Language Syntax Processing

Author(s):  
Daniel J Lee ◽  
Harim Jung ◽  
Psyche Loui

Music and language are hypothesized to share neural resources, particularly at the level of syntax processing. Recent reports suggest that attention modulates this sharing of neural resources, but the time-course of the effects of attention, and the degree to which attention operates similarly on music and language, are yet unclear. In this EEG study we manipulate the syntactic structure of simultaneously presented musical chord progressions and garden-path sentences in a modified rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, while varying top-down attentional demands to the two modalities. The Early Right Anterior Negativity (ERAN) was observed in response to both attended and unattended musical syntax violations. In contrast, an N400 was only observed in response to attended linguistic syntax violations, and a P3 only in response to attended musical syntax violations. Results show that top-down allocation of attention indeed affects the processing of syntax in both music and language, with different neural resources acting upon the two modalities particularly at later stages of cognitive processing. However, the processing of musical syntax at an earlier stage of the perceptual-cognitive pathway, as indexed by the ERAN, is partially automatic, and is strongly indicative of separate neural resources for music and language.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee ◽  
Jung ◽  
Loui

Music and language are hypothesized to engage the same neural resources, particularly at the level of syntax processing. Recent reports suggest that attention modulates the shared processing of music and language, but the time-course of the effects of attention on music and language syntax processing are yet unclear. In this EEG study we vary top-down attention to language and music, while manipulating the syntactic structure of simultaneously presented musical chord progressions and garden-path sentences in a modified rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The Early Right Anterior Negativity (ERAN) was observed in response to both attended and unattended musical syntax violations. In contrast, an N400 was only observed in response to attended linguistic syntax violations, and a P3/P600 only in response to attended musical syntax violations. Results suggest that early processing of musical syntax, as indexed by the ERAN, is relatively automatic; however, top-down allocation of attention changes the processing of syntax in both music and language at later stages of cognitive processing.


2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2252-2267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Maidhof ◽  
Stefan Koelsch

The present study investigated the effects of auditory selective attention on the processing of syntactic information in music and speech using event-related potentials. Spoken sentences or musical chord sequences were either presented in isolation, or simultaneously. When presented simultaneously, participants had to focus their attention either on speech, or on music. Final words of sentences and final harmonies of chord sequences were syntactically either correct or incorrect. Irregular chords elicited an early right anterior negativity (ERAN), whose amplitude was decreased when music was simultaneously presented with speech, compared to when only music was presented. However, the amplitude of the ERAN-like waveform elicited when music was ignored did not differ from the conditions in which participants attended the chord sequences. Irregular sentences elicited an early left anterior negativity (ELAN), regardless of whether speech was presented in isolation, was attended, or was to be ignored. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of syntactic structure of music and speech operate partially automatically, and, in the case of music, are influenced by different attentional conditions. Moreover, the ERAN was slightly reduced when irregular sentences were presented, but only when music was ignored. Therefore, these findings provide no clear support for an interaction of neural resources for syntactic processing already at these early stages.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendi

Perkembangan studi linguistik di dalam penafsiran teks kitab suci memang masih lambat dan dalam tahap perkembangan. Tulisan ini adalah suatu penelitian untuk mengembangkan studi linguistik di dalam penafsiran teks kitab suci di Indonesia. Penulis memilih studi linguistik dengan pendekatan analisis wacana. Model analisis wacana yang digunakan adalah analisis colon yang diperkenalkan oleh Johanes P. Louw. Sampel teks yang digunakan adalah surat Filemon. Hasil penelitian ini akan mendapatkan struktur dan tema surat Filemon. Pendekatan analisis wacana menekankan semantik. Arti atau makna di dalam teks melampaui kata, frasa, dan kalimat (struktur mikro teks) sehingga fokus analisis sampai kepada keseluruhan wacana (struktur makro teks). Struktur makro teks melingkupi arti dari struktur mikro teks. Seorang penulis menulis teks mulai dari ide wacana yang kemudian secara sadar membangun ide tersebut dari struktur mikro teks yang dipilihnya. Dalam analisis colon, struktur makro teks yang terpenting adalah paragraf yang merupakan satu unit semantis yang dibangun dari beberapa kelompok colon (cluster) dan atau colons. Arti kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat tidak lepas dari isi semantis paragraf yang mewadahinya. Sementara, penafsir-penafsir lain lebih memprioritaskan penafsiran struktur mikro teks daripada makro teks. Wacana dianalisis mulai dari paragraf sampai frasa dan kata (top down). Unit semantis dalam bentuk kata, frasa, dan klausa akan dianalisis dengan kategori semantis, pengelompokkan kata (grouping of words atau immediate constituents), dan transformasi struktur luar (surface structure) ke dalam struktur dalam (deep structure). Unit semantis dalam bentuk paragraf akan dianalisis dengan metode analisis colon. Di dalam analisis colon, ada beberapa langkah yang akan diuraikan yaitu pertama, membuat struktur colon (syntactic structure) dari setiap paragraf dan terjemahan literal. Pengelompokkan kata akan terlihat di dalam struktur colon. Kedua, mencari isi semantis dari setiap colon atau kelompok (cluster) dengan menganalisis kata, frasa, dan colon. Ketiga, mencari hubungan semantis di antara colon atau kelompok di dalam satu paragraf yang sama. Keempat, menentukan tema atau ide utama (the pivot point) dari setiap paragraf. Berdasarkan analisis colon, ide utama atau tema surat ini adalah permohonan Rasul Paulus kepada Filemon untuk mengembalikan atau menerima kembali Onesimus sebagai saudara di dalam Kristus. Tema wacana ini menentukan struktur makro dan mikro teks ditulis oleh Rasul Paulus. Rasul Paulus mulai menulis dengan pembukaan yaitu sapaan dan salam kepada Filemon dan seluruh jemaatnya. Kemudian, Rasul Paulus menuliskan dasar permohonannya yaitu iman dan kasih Filemon yang selama ini sudah didengar olehnya. Lalu, Rasul Paulus menuliskan permohonannya bahwa Filemon bisa menerima kembali Onesimus. Terakhir, Rasul Paulus menuliskan penutup yaitu salam dan doa berkat kepada seluruh jemaat. Implikasi pastoral atau teologis yang bisa dipelajari adalah cara iman dan kasih diterapkan secara nyata di dalam persekutuan dan kehidupan seperti pengampunan dan rekonsiliasi relasi dengan orang lain yang sudah berbuat dosa. Pengalaman jatuh ke dalam dosa dan dipulihkan oleh Allah adalah pengalaman yang tidak mungkin dipisahkan dalam hidup ini. Oleh karena itu, persekutuan sesama orang percaya menjadi wadah atau alat anugerah bagi setiap orang percaya menghadapi berbagai godaan dosa. Secara khusus, penulis mengucap terima kasih kepada para mahasiswa STT Soteria Purwokerto terutama mereka yang sudah mengikuti kelas Studi dan Exegesis Perjanjian Baru. Mereka adalah orang (pembaca) pertama yang bersama penulis menggumuli teks ini selama 1 semester. Penulis juga mengucap terima kasih kepada isteri, Rina Mansyur, dan puteri, Filipe File Cendekia atas dukungan yang tiada taranya. Terakhir, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada penerbitan Leutikaprio yang sudah bersedia mengedit dan menerbitkan buku ini.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Crosby ◽  
Kirsten Seale

As urban renewal agendas are fortified in cities globally, ‘creativity’ – as contained within discourses of the creative industries, the Creative City and the creative economy – is circulated as the currency of secure post-industrial urban futures. Using the nexus between creativity and the urban as a starting point, the authors investigate how local enterprises visually communicate the urban in a neighbourhood that is characterized by the interface between manufacturing and creative industries. This research takes a fine-grained approach to the notion of creativity through an audit and qualitative analysis of the visual presentation, material attributes and semiotic meaning of street numbers. The authors do this by collecting data on and analysing how street numbers have been made, selected, used, replaced and layered in a contested industrial precinct in Australia’s largest city, Sydney. They contend that street numbers, as a ubiquitous technology within the city that is both operational and creative, are metonyms for what they understand to be urban. In arguing for vernacular readings of the city, they make use of a top-down, governmental mode of reading the city – the operational legibility of street numbering – as an intervention in current discourses of the urban and of creativity in the city.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 866
Author(s):  
Guiyoung Son

This paper aims to examine the morpho-syntactic process of noun plural endings, “-n” and “-s”, in adult second language (L2) learners using event-related potentials (ERPs). German noun plural endings consist of many inflectional forms. They are one of the difficulties faced by German L2 learners. We recorded an electroencephalogram (EEG) study of German L2 learners by dividing study subjects into low and high L2 learners according to the learning level. We examined what ERP components were associated with L2 language processing. All participants were Korean German L2 learners who had achieved varying levels of proficiency. As a result of our analysis, we confirmed different morpho-syntactic processing between the two groups. First, N400 was detected at any learning level. It confirmed language processing supportive of the Full-Listing Model for irregular endings. Second, we confirmed left anterior negativity (LAN), as detected in both low and high proficiency L2 learners. LAN is supportive of a Full-Parsing Model for regular endings, as it was detected in both low and high proficiency L2 learners. However, P600 was detected in highly proficient L2 learners only. It implies that high proficiency learners differ from low proficiency L2 learners. P600 is processed in a reparsing process after recognition of grammatical errors. Based on this result, more active use of a Dual Mechanism Model is possible as learning levels improve. It confirms that improvement in L2 learners results in an approach to cognitive processing similar to that of German first language (L1) speakers.


2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa V. Mitchell ◽  
Helen J. Neville

Recent reports have documented greater plasticity in the dorsal visual stream as compared with the ventral visual stream. This study sought to test the hypothesis that this greater plasticity may be related to a more protracted period of development in the dorsal as compared with the ventral stream. Age-related effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by motion and color stimuli, designed to activate the two visual streams, were assessed in healthy individuals aged 6 years through adulthood. Although significant developmental effects were observed in amplitudes of ERPs to both color and motion stimuli, marked latency effects were observed only in response to motion. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the dorsal stream displays a longer developmental time course across the early school years than the ventral stream. Implications for neural and behavioral plasticity are discussed.


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